A Survey on the Structure of Official
    Promotion System in the Tang Dynasty
    Lou Jing
    （Department of History,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000）
    Li Hua
    （Library in Lanzhou Medical Institute,Lanzhou 730000）
    Abstract This paper has discussed the new role and properties of the imperial examination and officil promotion startingfrom office workers and the corresponding differentiation and regulation of other official elections through bureaucratpaths in the Tang Dynasty and the background of relatedchanges since the Han Dynasty which is an exhibition of thetransition of civil official promotion system and itsprofound influence between the two dynasties.It has revealedpractical structural relationships between the differentcivil official promotion systems in ancient China andprovided a new analytical frame for related research in this field.
    Key words official election system imperial examinationofficialdom
    注释：
    [1]《通典·职官十九》所述晋、宋、齐、梁官品班位之制。
    [2]《通典·职官四》："后魏令史亦朱衣执笏，然谓之流外勋品。"
    [3]《隋书·儒林刘炫传》。
    [4]《通典·职官二十二》开元二十五年官品中，无折冲府录事、府史、集贤院御书手、史馆典书、楷书，然有性质相近的诸楷书手和司仪署典书（皆流外勋品）、亲、勋、诩卫府录事、府、史（流外二至六品）。又据《唐六典》卷25《折冲府》："每岁簿录事、府、史、捉口品子补上年、月、姓名，以上于州，申考功、兵部。"亦析冲府录事、府、史统一补用和考核之一证也。
    [5]《新唐书·选举志》，另有"诸卫三卫监门直长三万九千四百六十二人、诸屯主、副千九百八人。"案其皆不见于《通典·职官二十二》开元二十五年官品，而杜佑按语则称监门、直长等皆为"诸色胥史"。
    [6]《隋书·百官志》下载隋有流外、视流外、各有九品。"极于胥吏矣，皆无上下阶云。"
    [7]《旧唐书·牛仙客传》谓其"初为县小吏。"
    [8]《旧唐书、职官志》一。
    [9]《唐六典》卷2《吏部》。
    [10]《唐会要》卷75《杂处置》。
    [11]《新唐书、选举志》："其尝坐法及为州县小吏，虽艺文可采，勿举。"《唐会要》卷76《进士》系此在元和二年，则此后州县小吏已被禁止参加科举。
    [12]详《通典、职官十九》至《职官二十》。
    [13]《通典、选举二》。