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有关英国及其它地方封建社会的术语汇编<English>

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有关英国及其它地方封建社会的术语汇编<English>(上)
    TERMS (By Michael Adams aka Morgoth, c. November 1988)
    FEUDAL TERMS OF ENGLAND
    (and other places)
    ==========================================================================
    A
    ==========================================================================
    ABBEY: A monastic community of either monks or nuns. Ruled by an (m.)
    Abbot or (f.) Abbess Usually founded by a particular monastic order and
    bound by their rules. Abbeys many times owe some form of feudal obligation
    to a lord/lady or higher organization. Basically they are self contained
    with all basic function performed by the residents and needs from the
    local area.
    ABJURATION: A renunciation, under oath, of heresy to the Christian faith,
    made by a Christian wishing to be reconciled with the church.
    ADULTERINE CASTLE: A castle build with out a persons liege lords approval.
    AMERCEMENT: A financial penalty inflicted at the MERCY of the king or his
    justices for various minor offences. The offender is said to be "IN MERCY"
    and the monies paid to the crown to settle the matter is called
    "amercement" (See also Fines).
    ANATHEMA: A condemnation of heretics, similar in effect to major
    excommunication. It inflicts the penalty of complete exclusion from
    Christian society.
    APOSTATE: The term used to describe one who leaves religious orders after
    making solemn profession. It is considered a serious crime in the eyes of
    the church, being not only a breach of faith with God but also with the
    founders and benefactors of their religious house.
    ARD-RIGH (Ir.): High King in Gaelic. RIGH meaning King.
    ARPENT: A measure of land roughly equal to a modern acre.
    ASSART: To turn woodlands into pasture or cropland. To assart lands within
    a forest with out license is a grave offence.
    ASSIZE: The meeting of feudal vassals with the king it also refers to
    decrees issued by the king after such meetings.
    ASYLUM (Right of/Also called Right of Sanctuary) The right for a Bishop to
    protect an fugitive from justice or to intercede on his behalf. Once
    asylum is granted the fugitive cannot be removed, until after a months
    time. Fugitives who find Asylum must pledge an oath of adjuration never to
    return to the realm, after which they are free to find passage to the
    borders of the realm by the fastest way. If found within the borders after
    a months time they may be hunted down as before with no right of asylum to
    be granted ever again.
    AUGUSTINIAN CANONS: Religious/Monastic rules based on Love of God and
    Neighbor, respect for authority, care of the sick, and self-discipline.
    ==========================================================================
    B
    ==========================================================================
    BAN: A King's power to command and prohibit under pain of punishment or
    death, mainly used because of a break in the King's Peace. Also a royal
    proclamation, either of a call to arms, or a decree of outlawry. In
    clerical terms, an excommunication on condemnation by the church.
    BANALITIES: Fees which a feudal lord imposes on his serfs for the use of
    his mill, oven, wine press, or similar facilities. It some times includes
    part of a fish catch or the proceeds from a rabbit warren.
    BARBER-SURGEON: Monastic who shaves faces/heads and performs light surgery.
    BARD: A minstrel or poet who glorifies the virtues of the people and
    chieftains.
    BARON: A vassal who holds directly from the crown and serves as a member
    of the king's great council. It is not, of itself, a title, but rather a
    description of the Tenants in Chief class of nobility.
    BARROW: An earthen burial mound.
    BELTANE EVE: The night of April 30, one of the two times of the year when
    mortal rules are believed to be suspended and supernatural occurrences are
    most common. Sometimes called May Day Eve. See Samhain Eve.
    BENEDICTINE ORDER: Monastic order founded by St. Benedictine. Monks take
    vows of personal poverty, chastity and obedience to their abbot and the
    Benedictine Rule.
    BENEFICE (L. beneficium): A grant of land given to a member of the
    aristocracy, a Bishop, or a monastery, for limited or hereditary use in
    exchange for services. In ecclesiastic terms, a benefice is a church
    office that returns revenue. Also known as a the fee, feud, or fief coming
    from the Germanic feofum which comes from the Frankish "fehu" and "od"
    meaning live stock and movable possessions or property "chattel".
    BENEFIT OF CLERGY: A privilege enjoyed by members of the clergy, including
    tonsured clerks, placing them beyond the jurisdiction of secular courts.
    BLACK CANON: A common name for Augustinian Canons, derived from the color
    of their robes.
    BLACK MONKS: A common name for members of the Benedictine Order derived
    from the color of the habits.
    BORDERS (The): Name given to the Border lands between the Avalonian Empire
    and else where.
    BOROUGH (also burg, burgh and burh): A tow with the right of self
    government granted by royal charter.
    BOROUGH-ENGLISH: A term which designates the custom of ultimogeniture
    (All lands inherited by the youngest son).
    BREHON LAWS (also called Feinechus): An ancient Gaelic legal system.
    BURGESS: The holder of land or house within a borough.
    ==========================================================================
    C
    ===========================================================================
    CANONS: See elsewhere for definition.
    CANTREF: A welsh political and administrative division, similar to English
    shires.
    CARDINAL VIRTUES: Prudence, Temperance, Fortitude and Justice.
    CARUCATE: A measurement of land, equal to a hide (used in Danelaw)
    CASTLE: Fortification:
    Arrow Loop: A narrow vertical slit cut into a wall through which
    arrows could be fired from inside.
    Bailey: Castle year or Ward.
    Barbican: The gateway or outworks defending the drawbridge.
    Bastion: A small tower at the end of a curtain wall or in the middle of
    the outside wall.
    Batter: A sloping part of a curtain wall. The sharp angle at the base
    of all walls and towers along their exterior surface.
    Battlement: A narrow wall built along the outer edge of the wall walk
    to protect the soldiers against attack.
    Berm: Flat space between the base of the curtain wall and the inner
    edge of the moat.
    Cesspit: The opening in a wall in which the waste from one or more
    garderobes was collected.
    Corbel: A projecting block of stone built into a wall during
    construction.
    Crenelation: Battlement.
    Daub: A mud of clay mixture applied over wattle to strengthen and seal
    it.
    Drawbridge: A heavy timber platform built to span a moat between a gate
    house and surrounding land that could be raised when required to block
    an entrance.
    Dungeon: The jail, usually found in one of the towers.
    Embrasure: The low segment of the altering high and low segments of a
    battlement.
    Finial: A slender piece of stone used to decorate the tops of the
    merlons.
    Foundation:
    Garderobe: A small latrine or toilet either built into the thickness of
    the wall or projected out from it.
    Gate House: The complex of towers, bridges, and barriers built to
    protect each entrance through a castle or town wall.
    Great Hall: The building in the inner ward that housed the main meeting
    and dining area for the castle's residence.
    Half-timber: The common form of medieval construction in which walls
    were made of a wood frame structure filled with wattle and daub.
    Hoarding: A temporary wooden balcony suspended from the tops of walls
    and towers before a battle, from which missiles and arrows could be
    dropped or fired accurately toward the base of the wall.
    Inner Curtain: The high wall the surrounds the inner ward.
    Inner Ward: The open area in the center of a castle.
    Merlon: The high segment of a alternating high and low segments of a
    battlement.
    Moat: A deep trench dug around a castle to prevent access from the
    surrounding land. It could be either left dry or filled with water.
    Mortar: A mixture of sand, water, and lime used to bind stones together
    permanently.
    Outer Curtain: The wall the encloses the outer ward.
    Outer Ward: The area around the outside of and adjacent to the inner
    curtain.
    Palisade: A sturdy wooden fence usually built to enclose a site until
    a permanent stone wall can be constructed.
    Portcullis: A heavy timber grille that could be raised or lowered
    between the towers of each gate house to open or close the passage.
    Postern Gate: A side or less important gate into a castle.
    Putlog Hole: A hole intentionally left in the surface of a wall for
    insertion of a horizontal pole.
    Rubble: A random mixture of rocks and mortar.
    Scaffolding: The temporary wooden frame work built next to a wall to
    support both workers and materials.
    Siege: The military tactic that involves the surrounding and
    isolation
    of a castle, town or army by another army until the trapped forces are
    starved into surrender.
    Steward: The man responsible for running the day to day affairs of the
    castle in absence of the lord.
    Truss: One of the timber frames built to support the roof over the
    great hall.
    Turret: A small tower rising above and resting on one of the main
    towers, usually used as a look out point.
    Wall Walk: The area along the tops of the walls from which soldiers
    defend both castle and town.
    Wattle: A mat of woven sticks and weeds.
    CATHEDRAL CHURCH: The church of the diocese where a Bishop has the throne
    (cathedra) and where he presides. Simplified to Cathedral.
    CHAMBERLAIN: An officer of the royal household. He is responsible for the
    Chamber, meaning that he controls access to the person of the King. He is
    also responsible for administration of the household and the privates
    estates of the king. The Chamberlain is one of the four main officers of
    the court, the others being the Chancellor, the Justiciar, and the
    Treasurer.
    CHANCELLOR: The officer of the royal household who serves as the monarch's
    secretary or notary. The chancellor is responsible for the Chancery, the
    arms of the royal government dealing with domestic and foreign affairs.
    Usually the person filling this office is a Bishop chosen for his
    knowledge of the law.
    CHARTER OF FRANCHISE: Documents granting liberty to a serf by his lord. The
    term also applies to the freedom granted to the inhabitants of a town or
    borough. the issue of a Charter of Franchise frees the town from servitude
    to feudal lords.
    CLERGY: Term used to include all members of religious orders. The clergy
    are generally exempt from jurisdiction of civil courts as well as from
    military service.
    COMMON LAW: The term referring to the legal procedures that are becoming
    universal.
    COMMUNE CONCILIUM: Norman equivalent of Anglo Saxon Witan. Decision taken
    at such meetings, either judicial or military, are binding on the vassals.
    CONFESSION: The public or private acknowledgment of sinfulness regarded as
    necessary to obtain divine forgiveness.
    CONSTABLE: The title of an officer given command of an army or an important
    garrison. Also the officer who commands in the king's absence.
    COTTAGER: A peasant of lower class, with a cottage, but with little or no
    land.
    COUNT: The continental equivalent of the English Earl. Ranks second only to
    Duke.
    COUNTY: The English Shire.
    COUNTY PALATINE: See PALATINATE
    COURT OF COMMON PLEAS: A common law court to hear please involving disputes
    between individuals. Almost all civil litigation is within its term of
    reference, as is supervision of manorial and local courts.
    CRANNOG: An Irish dwelling residing on a natural or man-made island.
    CRUSADES: Self explanatory.
    CULDEES: Religious ascetics "Culdee means servant of god" Irish/Scottish
    preservers of old Gaelic Customs.
    CYMRAEG: Welsh Language Name for itself.
    CYMRU: Welsh name for the Welsh. (CUMREE)
    ===========================================================================
    D
    ===========================================================================
    DANEGELD: Tribute paid to the Danes (Dane Gold).
    DEMESNE: The part of the lord's manorial lands reserved for his own use an
    not allocated to his serfs or freeholder tenants. Serfs work the demesne
    for a specified numbers of days per week. The demesne may either be
    scattered among the serfs land, or a separate area, the latter being more
    common for meadow and orchard lands.
    DENARIUS: The English silver penny, hence the abbreviation "d" and the coin
    most common circulation.
    DIOCESE: A district subject to the jurisdiction of a Bishop/Archbishop.
    The name is derived from the administrative districts created by the roman
    emperor Diocletian
    DOUBLE MONASTERY: Combined monastery for men and women but sexually
    separated. Ruled by either an abbot or abbess.
    DRENG: The name given to a free peasant in Northumbria and sometimes in
    Yorkshire and Lancashire. The name usually implies that land is held in
    return for military service.
    DUKE: A title from the Roman Dux, which has been held over from roman time
    by the ruler of a district called a duchy. In England the title is reserved
    for members of the royal family.
    DUN: Scottish single family hill fort.
    http://eserver.org/history/
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    E
    ============================================================================
    EARL: The highest title attainable by an English nobleman who is not of
    royal blood. Also known in earlier times as Ealdorman. Word related to Jarl.
    EIRE: Ireland.
    ERSE: Irish Language.
    ESCHEAT: The right of a feudal lord to the return of lands held by his
    vassal, or the holding of a serf, should either die with out lawful heirs
    or suffer outlawry.
    EXCHEQUER: The financial department of the royal government. The chief
    officers of the Exchequer are the Treasurer, the Chancellor and the
    Justiciar. Sheriffs, in their role as regional chief accountants, present
    reports to the exchequer at Easter and Michaelmass.
    EXCOMMUNICATION: Exclusion from the membership of the church or from
    communion with faithful Christians. Those judged "tolerati" may still
    mingle with the faithful, but those "vitandi" cannot and are exiled.
    EYRE: The right of the king (or justices acting in his name) to visit and
    inspect the holdings of any vassal. this is done periodically, usually at
    irregular intervals of a few years.
    ===========================================================================
    F
    ===========================================================================
    FAIR: A market held at regular intervals, usually once to twice a year.
    Fairs tend to offer a wider range of goods than normal markets.
    They are generally licenced by either the king/a local lord or a chartered
    town.
    FARM: A fixed sum, usually paid annually, for the right to collect all
    revenues from land; in effect, rent. Lords may farm land to vassals,
    receiving a fixed annual rent in place of the normal feudal obligation.
    Many sheriffs farm out their shires, contracting in advance to pay a fixed
    annual sum to the crown, thus obtaining the right to collect any additional
    royal revenues for their own profit.
    FEALTY (Oath of): The oath by which a vassal swore loyalty to his lord,
    usually on a relic of saints or on the bible.
    FELONY: In feudal law, any grave violation of the feudal contract between
    lord and vassal. Later it was expanded in common law to include any crime
    against the King's peace and has come to mean any serious crime.
    Example: Murder is now a Felony, taking the burden off prosecution from the
    victim's family and giving it to the crown.
    FEUDALISM: The system of governing whereby semiautonomous landed nobility
    have certain well defined responsibilities to the king, in return for the
    use of grants of land (fiefs) exploited with the labor of a semi-free
    peasantry (serfs).
    FIEF: Heritable lands held under feudal tenure; the lands of a tenant in
    chief. Sometimes this can apply to an official position. Often called a
    Holding.
    FIEF: Normally a land held by a vassal* of a lord in return for stipulated
    services, chiefly military. Sometimes unusual requirements were stipulated
    for transferring a fief. For example: Henry de la Wade held 42 acres* of
    land in Oxfordby the service of carrying a gyrfalcon (see: falconry birds)
    when ever Kind Edward I wished to go hawking.*
    FIEF DE HAUBERT: 11 cent French term equivelant to the knight term Knights
    Fee (see: knighthood) becuase of the the coat (hauberk*) of mail* which
    it entitled and required every tenant to own and wear when his services
    were needed. This provided a definite estate in france, for only persons
    who had this estate or greater were allowed to wear hauberks.
    FIEF-RENTE: money paid by a lord in an annual manner to a vassal in return
    for homage*, fealty*, and military service (usually knight service) and
    it could include various other things than money, such as wine, cheese.
    provide chickens, or wood
    FINE: A sum of money paid to the Crown to obtain some grant, concession, or
    privilege. Unlike amercement, a fine os not a monetary penalty, although
    failure to offer and pay a customary fine for some right, will undoubtedly
    lead to an amercement.
    FITZ: An Anglo Norman prefix meaning son.
    FORFEITURE: The right of a feudal lord to recover a fief when a vassal
    fails to honor his obligations under the feudal contract.
    FORMARIAGE (also called merchet): The sum commonly paid by a serf to his
    lord when the serf's daughter marries a man from another manor.
    FRANK PLEDGE: The legal condition under which each male member of a
    tithing (district) over the age of twelve is responsible for the good
    conduct of all other members of the tithing.
    FYRD: The Anglo Saxon Militia. Special King's Peace prevailed while to or
    from or during Fyrd service.
    ===========================================================================
    G
    ===========================================================================
    GAEL: A name given to Celtic inhabitants of Scotland, Ireland and the Isle
    of Mann.
    GUILDS: A term applied to trade associations. The aims of such association
    are to protect members from the competition of foreign merchants and
    maintain commercial standards. The first guilds where merchant guilds,
    later came craft guilds as industry has gotten more specialized. Guilds
    maintain a system of education, whereby apprentices serve a master for
    five to seven years before becoming a journeyman at about age nineteen.
    Journeymen work in the shop of a master until they can demonstrate to the
    leaders of his guild that they are ready for master status. Guild members
    are forbidden to compete with each other, and merchants are required to
    sell at a "just price".
    ===========================================================================
    H
    ===========================================================================
    HANSEATIC LEAGUE: An association of merchants and towns of northern Germany.
    HEPTARCHY (seven kingdoms of the): Names given to the seven pre-Viking
    Kingdoms of England. Wessex, Mercia, Northumbria, Kent, East Anglia,
    Essex and Sussex.
    HERESY: Any religious doctrine inconsistent with, or inimical to, the
    orthodox beliefs of the church.
    HERIOT: A payment which a feudal lord may claim from the possessions of a
    dead serf or other tenant, essentially a death tax. There are various
    forms of heriot. Generally if a tenant dies in battle the heriot is
    forgiven.
    HIDE: A unit of measurement for assessment of tax, theoretically 120 acres,
    although it may vary between 60 and 240 acres. It is by custom the land
    that can be cultivated by one eight ox plow in one year.
    HOMAGE: The ceremony by which a vassal pledges his fealty to his liege,
    and acknowledges all other feudal obligations, in return for a grant of
    land.
    HONOR: A holding or group of holdings forming a large estate, such as the
    land held by an Earl.
    HOUSESTEADS: Housesteads are forts strategically placed on a craggy
    precipice.
    HOWDEN: A college of secular priests.
    HUE AND CRY: The requirement of all members of a village to pursue a
    criminal with horn and voice. It is a duty of any person discovering a
    felony to raise the hue and cry and his neighbors are bound to assist him
    in pursuit and capture of the offender.
    HUNDRED: Anglo Saxon institution. Subdivision of a Shire. Theoretically
    equals one hundred hides but hardly ever. Generally has their own court
    which meets monthly to handle civil and criminal law. In Danish is called
    a wapentakes (weapons taking?).
    ===========================================================================
    I
    ===========================================================================
    INFIDEL: Any one having a strong adversity to Christianity.
    INTERDICT: The ecclesiastical banning in an area of all sacraments except
    for baptism and extreme unction. In general it does not ban high feast days.
    Used to force persons/institution/community or secular lords to a view
    dictated by the church/pope.
    INLAND: Land exempt from tax (See Warland).
    ===========================================================================
    J
    ===========================================================================
    JUS PRIMAE NOCTIS: the right by which a lord may sleep first night with the
    bride of a newly married serf, although the custom maybe avoided by the
    payment of a fine.
    JUSTICIAR: The head of the royal judicial system and the king's viceroy when
    absent from the country.
    ===========================================================================
    K
    ===========================================================================
    KNIGHT: The retainer of a feudal lord who owes military service for his
    fief, usually the service of one fully equipped, mounted warrior.
    The ideals to which a knight may aspire are notably prowess, loyalty,
    generosity and courtesy.
    KNIGHT'S FEE: In theory, a fief which provides sufficient revenue to
    equip and support one knight. This is approximately twelve hides or 1500
    acres, although the terms applies more to revenue a fief can generate
    than its size; it requires about thirty marks per year to support a
    knight.
    KNIGHT HOSPITALLER: Holy order knights pledged to administer to the sick
    and protect the holy places.
    KNIGHT TEMPLAR: Similar to the KNIGHT HOSPITALLER.
    ===========================================================================
    L
    ===========================================================================
    LEASE FOR THREE LIVES: A term of lease of land, usually for the life of
    its holder, his son or wife, and a grandson.
    LEET: The term used for a subdivision of land in Kent equivalent to a
    hundred.
    LIVERY: To be given land as a gift from the king. Also means to be given
    the right to wear a lord livery (modified form of his coat of arms).
    http://eserver.org/history/
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    M
    ===========================================================================
    MAN: In this sense to be a lord's man, to owe obligations to, in the
    forms of labor or service. A woman can be someone's man.
    MAN-AT-ARMS: A soldier holding his land, generally 60-120 acres,
    specifically in exchange for military service. Sometimes called a Yeoman.
    MANOR: A small holding, typically 1200-1800 acres, with its own court and
    probably its own hall, but not necessarily having a manor house. The manor
    as a unit of land is generally held by a knight (knight's fee) or managed
    by a bailiff for some other holder.
    MARCHER LORDS: The name commonly given to Norman landholders on the Welsh
    border.
    MARK: A measure of solver, generally eight ounces, accepted throughout
    western Europe. In England is worth thirteen shillings and four pence, two
    thirds of one pound.
    MARKET: A place where goods may be bought or sold, established in a
    village or town with the authorization of a king or lord. This noble
    extends his protection to the market for a fee, and allows its merchants
    various economic and judicial privileges. See also fair.
    MICHAELMASS: Feast of St. Michael on 29 Sept.
    MILITARY RELIGIOUS ORDERS: See Knights Templar and Hospitaller.
    MINSTREL: A poet and singer, also called a jongleur, who lives and travels
    off of the largess of the aristocracy.
    MONASTERY: A place where Monks or Nuns live for a religious life.
    MONEYER: A person licenced by the crown to strike coins, receiving the
    dies from the crown, and keeping 1/240 of the money coined for him self.
    MORMAER: A Gaelic Title (Great Steward) given to the rulers of the seven
    provinces of Celtic Scotland.
    ===========================================================================
    N
    ===========================================================================
    NUN: Women dedicated to the religious life usually a member of a religious
    order.
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    O
    ===========================================================================
    ORDEAL: A method of trail in which the accused is given a physical test
    (usually painful and/or dangerous) which can only be met successfully if he
    is innocent.
    ===========================================================================
    P
    ===========================================================================
    PALATINATE: In England, a county in which the tenant in chief exercises
    powers normally reserved for the king, including the exclusive right to
    appoint justiciar, hold courts of chancery and exchequer, and to coin
    money. The kings writ is not valid in a County Palatinate.
    PRIMOGENITURE: The right of the eldest son to inherit the estate or office
    of his father.
    PRIORY: Any religious house administered by a prior or prioress. If the
    prior was subject to a resident abbot, the house is called an abbey or
    monastery. The title prioress is held in certain religious houses for women.
    ===========================================================================
    R
    ===========================================================================
    RAPE: The Sussex equivalent of a "hundred".
    REEVE: A royal official, or a manor official appointed by the lord or
    elected by the peasants.
    RELIEF: The fee paid by the heir of a deceased person on securing
    possession of a fief. Tradition determines the amount demanded.
    ===========================================================================
    S
    ===========================================================================
    SCUTAGE: The sum that the holder of a knight's fee may pay his lord in
    lieu of military service. Sometimes used as a form of tax.
    SERF: A Semi-free peasant who works his lord's demesne and pays him
    certain dues in return for the use of land, the possession (not
    ownership) of which is heritable. These dues, usually called corvee, are
    almost in the form of labor on the lord's land. Generally this averages to
    three days a week. Generally subdivided into classes called: Cottagers,
    small holders, or villeins although the later originally meant a free
    peasant who was burdened with additional rents and services.
    SERGEANT: A servant who accompanies his lord to battle, or a horseman of
    lower status used as light cavalry. Also means a type of tenure in service
    of a nonknightly character is owed a lord. Such persons might carry the
    lords banner, serve in the wine cellar, make bows/arrows or any other
    dozen occupations. Sergeants pay the feudal dues of wardship, marriage,
    and relief but are exempt from scutage (nonknightly).
    SHERIFF: The official who is the chief administrative and judicial officer
    of a shire. Many of its jobs where taken over by the itinerant justice,
    coroner, and justice of the peace. Collected taxes and forwarded them on
    to the exchequer, after taking his share. Also many times responsible for
    making sure that the Kings table is well stocked while king is in his
    county (I.e.. Royal Game Preserve).
    SHILLING: Measure of money used only for accounting purposes and equal to
    12 pennies.
    SHIRE: English county. The shire court conduct the administrative, judicial
    and financial business of of people living in the county.
    SIMONY: The buying or selling of spiritual things, particularly church
    offices and benefice.
    SMALL HOLDER: A middle class peasant, farming more land than a cottager but
    less than a villein. A typical small holder would have 10-20 acres.
    SOKEMAN: Another name for a free villager.
    SULONG: A measurement of land in Kent. Equal to two "hides".
    ===========================================================================
    T
    ===========================================================================
    TALLAGE: A tax levied on boroughs and on the tenants living on royal
    estates.
    TENANT IN CHIEF: A lord or institution (the Church being most common)
    holding land directly from the king. All Earls are Tenants in Chief.
    TEUTONIC KNIGHTS: German Fighting Order with main bases in Prussia,
    Hungary and Germany. Recruits almost exclusively from German Speaking
    peoples of Europe.
    THANE: Originally meaning a Military Companion to the King. It has come to
    mean a land holding administrative office.
    THIRD PENNY: the local earls one third share of fines in shire or hundred
    courts, often allocated afterwards to a particular manor or church as
    income.
    TITHE: One tenth of a persons income given to support the church.
    TONSURE: The rite of shaving the crown of the head of the person joining a
    monastic order or the secular clergy. It symbolizes admission to the
    clerical state.
    TOURNEY: Mock combat for knights.
    TOWN AIR IS FREE AIR: Words used in many town charters to proclaim freedom
    any serf who lives there for a year and a day with out being claimed by his
    lord.
    TREASURER: The chief financial officer of the realm, and senior officer of
    the "Exchequer".
    ===========================================================================
    U
    ===========================================================================
    USURY: The interest charged on a loan. Forbidden by church law (based upon
    biblical). Commonly used by Knight Hospitallers and Knight Templars in
    Later Medieval Times.
    ===========================================================================
    V
    ===========================================================================
    VASSAL: A free man who holds land (fief) from a lord to whom he pays homage
    and swears fealty. He owes various services and obligations, primarily
    military. But he is also required to advise his lord and pay him the
    traditional feudal aids required on the knighting of the lords eldest son,
    the marriage of the lords eldest daughter and the ransoming of the lord
    should he be held captive.
    VILLEIN: The wealthiest class of peasant. they usually cultivate 20-40
    acres of land, often in isolated strips.
    VIRGATE: One quarter of a "hide".
    ===========================================================================
    W
    ===========================================================================
    WAPENTAKE: See Hide
    WARDSHIP: The right of a feudal lord to the income of a fief during the
    minority of its heir. The lord is required to maintain the fief and to
    take care of the material needs of the ward. When the ward come of age,
    the lord is required to release the fief to him in the same condition in
    which it was received.
    WARLAND: Land liable for tax, as opposed to inland, which is generally
    exempt from tax.
    WASTE: The term generally given to land which is unusable or uncultivated
    with in a holding. It is not taxed. It is sometimes referred to land
    destroyed by war or raids, which is like wise not subject to tax.
    WITAN (also called the Witenagemot): Council composed of nobles and
    ecclesiastics which advised the Anglo Saxon Kings of England. Also chose
    the successor to the throne. Resembles the "commune concilium".
    ===========================================================================
    Y
    ===========================================================================
    YOKE: A measurement of land in Kent equal to one quarter of a "sulong".
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