近代英国中产阶级形成中的问题(6)
http://www.newdu.com 2024/11/24 12:11:53 《历史研究》2010年1期 胡玲 陈祖洲 参加讨论
注释： ①我们讨论的这一群体，始终处于变化的历史过程中，称谓也一直变化不定，有关这一群体的指称有“中间等级”、“中等阶层”、“中间阶级”、“中等阶级”等等，直到19世纪才大致统一。为行文方便，我们在论述这一主题时，除引用具体作者的话语或观点外，统一使用“中产阶级”一词。 ②在国内，目前尚无专门研究近代英国中产阶级形成问题的专著。在论及近代英国的著作中，舒小昀的《分化与整合：1688-1783年英国社会结构分析》（南京：南京大学出版社，2003年）一书，较系统地分析了近代英国社会的上层、下层与中间阶层，并指出三个阶层间的流动与文化整合。虽然书中对中间阶层的成员如商人、专业人员做了全面的介绍，但作者的谨慎使之没有使用“中产阶级”这一术语。沈晖的《英国中产阶级：文化及其认同》（《甘肃社会科学》2005年第2期），从文化的视角探讨了英国中产阶级的社会认同；顾兴斌的《论英国中产阶级的形成、发展与作用》（《江西社会科学》1995年第11期）虽较为系统，但未能严格区分新老中产阶级。其他相关的论文还有刘戈的《〈帕梅拉〉与十八世纪中产阶级的政治思想》（《名作欣赏》2007年第6期）、杨丽的《近代英国中产阶级的科学教育状况探析》（《辽宁行政学院学报》2007年第9期）等。从总体上看，国内的相关研究只涉及近代英国中产阶级形成问题的某个方面，并且主要集中在中产阶级相对成熟的19世纪。 ③如E.P.汤普森的《英国工人阶级的形成》（钱乘旦等译，南京：译林出版社，2001年）。 ④1942年G.M.屈威廉出版《英国社会史》，成为传统社会史的代表作品。这种社会史多研究生活方式、社会风俗等，不涉及阶级、阶级斗争等政治问题，被称为“除了政治什么都有的历史”。参见姜芃：《霍布斯鲍姆与新社会史》，陈启能主编：《八十年代的西方史学》，北京：中国社会科学出版社，1990年；梁民愫：《英国新社会史思潮的兴起及其整体社会史研究的国际反响》，《史学月刊》2006年第2期。 ⑥R.H. Tawney, The Agrarian Problem in the Sixteenth Century, New York: Burt Franklin, 1912, p.197. ⑦Louis B. 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