产业招募与二十世纪八十年代以来美国南部制造业转型(4)
http://www.newdu.com 2024/11/27 07:11:44 《历史研究》 韩宇 参加讨论
注释： ①关于产业招募政策的具体内容，学术界并没有统一严格的界定，综合来看，主要包括以下三方面的措施：通过工业债券(industrial revenue bonds)、贷款担保、直接贷款等方式提供资金支持，税收优惠，对劳动力进行筛选和培训。其主要目的是降低生产要素的成本，以此鼓励企业重新选址或扩张。参见Kevin T.Leicht and J.Craig Jenkins,"Three Strategies of State Economic Development:Entrepreneurial,Industrial Recruitment,and Deregulation Policies in the American States," Economic Development Quarterly,vol.8,no.3,1994,pp.258-259; J.Craig Jenkins,Kevin T.Leicht and Heather Wendt,"Class Forces,Political Institutions,and State Intervention:Subnational Economic Development Policy in the United States,1971-1990," American Journal of Sociology,vol.111,no.4,2006,pp.1125-1126. ②Peter K.Eisinger,The Rise of the Entrepreneurial State:State and Local Economic Development Policy in the United States,Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1989; R.Scott Fosler,ed.,The New Economic Role of American States:Strategies in a Competitive World Economy,New York and Oxford:Oxford University Press,1988. ③Ted K.Bradshaw and Edward J.Blakely,"What are 'Third-Wave' State Economic Development Efforts? From Incentives to Industrial Policy," Economic Development Quarterly,vol.13,no.3,1999,p.230. ④美国公共政策研究学者特里·巴斯对半个世纪以来州政府税收刺激措施的研究成果进行了总结，他认为以往的研究没有发现税收与经济增长或企业选址之间的关联，参见Terry F.Buss，"The Effect of State Tax Incentives on Economic Growth and Firm Location Decisions:An Overview of the Literature," Economic Development Quarterly,vol.15,no.1,2001,p.94.艾伦·彼得斯和彼得·费希尔分析了此前在经济学界影响最为广泛的研究成果，得出了与巴斯相似的论断，虽然许多政府官员相信可以通过税收刺激等优惠政策影响州和地方的经济发展，但是即使是最乐观的证据也无法完全证明此观点，参见Alan Peters and Peter Fisher,"The Failures of Economic Development Incentives," Journal of the American Planning Association,vol.70,no.1,2004,p.35.学术界也存在肯定的声音，比如詹姆斯·科布专门考察了产业招募对南部工业化进程的影响，他认为补贴和税收优惠等措施是战后工业增长的主要因素之一，参见James C.Cobb,The Selling of the South:The Southern Crusade for Industrial Development,1936-1980,Baton Rouge:Louisiana State University Press,1982,p.227.罗伯特·纽曼指出，各州之间企业税率的差别是影响工业迁往南部的重要因素之一，参见Robert Newman,"Industry Migration and Growth in the South," The Review of Economics and Statistics,vol.65,no.1,1983,p.85. ⑤Russell L.Hanson,"Bidding for Business:A Second War between the States?" Economic Development Quarterly,vol.7,no.2,1993,p.184. ⑥本文中的“南部”采用的是美国商务部人口统计署的界定，包括特拉华、佛罗里达、佐治亚、马里兰、北卡罗来纳、南卡罗来纳、弗吉尼亚、哥伦比亚特区、西弗吉尼亚、亚拉巴马、肯塔基、密西西比、田纳西、阿肯色、路易斯安那、俄克拉何马和得克萨斯等州。 ⑦Susan Helper,Timothy Krueger and Howard Wial,"Locating American Manufacturing:Trends in the Geography of Production," The Brookings Institution,May 2012,p.29,http://www.brookings.edu/～/media/research/files/reports/2012/5/09-locating-american-manufacturing-wialh/0509_locating_american_manufacturing_report.pdf. ⑧"The South Tiptoes into Its Second Industrial Age," The Economist,April 6,1991,p.21. ⑨Robert B.Reich,"Manufacturing Jobs are Never Coming Back," Forbes,May 28,2009,http://www.forbes.com/2009/05/28/robert-reich-manufacturing-business-economy.html. ⑩Ronald Kalafsky,"Manufacturing Sector in the South," Southeastern Geographer,vol.46,no.2,2006,p.265. (11)Mike Randle,"The New Sustainable? Manufacturing Continues its Deal Surge in the American South," Southern Business & Development,Summer 2010,http://www.sb-d.com/Features/TheNewSustainable/tabid/369/Default.aspx. (12)美国学术界对南部工业化的研究具有“厚古薄今”的特点，研究成果最丰富的是对内战到20世纪30年代制造业发展的考察，关于20世纪40年代至70年代的研究成果数量次之，相比之下，1980年之后的工业化进程没有得到应有的关注，事实上，许多探讨南部经济的专著都以1980年作为研究时段的下限。美国南部史学者詹姆斯·科布所著《兜售南部：南部发展工业的努力》是系统阐释产业招募在南部工业化进程中作用的代表性著作，然而，该书第一版反映的只是20世纪80年代之前情况，虽然1993年再版之时作者将研究时段延伸到1990年，实际上只增补了少量内容，参见James C.Cobb,The Selling of the South:The Southern Crusade for Industrial Development,1936-1980; The Selling of the South:The Southern Crusade for Industrial Development,1936-1990,2nd Revised Edition,Urbana:University of Illinois Press,1993. (13)James C.Cobb,The Selling of the South:The Southern Crusade for Industrial Development,1936-1980,p.5. (14)William E.Morgan and Merlin M.Hackbart,"An Analysis of State and Local Industrial Tax Exemption Programs," Southern Economic Journal,vol.41,no.2,1976,p.200. 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