惯例权利与私有产权的博弈——近代早期英国拾穗权之争(6)
http://www.newdu.com 2024/11/24 03:11:24 《经济社会史评论》2018年 陈立军 参加讨论
注释： ①E.P.Thompson,“The Grid of Inheritance”,in J.Goody,J.Thirsk and E.P.Thompson eds.,Family and Inheritance:Rural Society in Western Europe 1200-1800,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1976,p.340. ②B.Bushaway,By Rite:Custom,Ceremony and Community in England,1700-1880,London:distributed by Humanities Press,1982,p.209. ③Lawrence C.Becker,Property Rights:Philosophic Foundations,Boston:Routledge & Kegan Paul,1977,p.18. ④K.D.M.Snell,Annals of the Labouring Poor:Social Change and Agrarian England,1660-1900,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1985,p.243. ⑤E.P.Thompson,“The Grid of Inheritance”,in J.Goody,J.Thirsk and E.P.Thompson eds.,Family and Inheritance:Rural Society in Western Europe 1200-1800,p.340. ⑥例如，汤普逊就指出，拾穗权通常被看作是女性的特权，“一个农夫妻子的主要职责是饲养家畜、种植蔬菜、养蜂、修补衣物、储存食物、秋收时的帮手以及使用共同体中的家庭拾穗权等”。Olwen Hufton,“Letravail et la Famille”,in Arlette Farge and Natalie Zemon Davis eds.,Histoire des femmes en Occident,Vol.3,Paris:Plon,1991,p.42.但该观点受到了一些历史学家的质疑，他们认为，拾穗权应该是穷人的特权，这项权利与性别无关。如霍曼斯就指出：“秋收之后，穷人有进入庄稼地里拾穗的惯例权利。”G.C.Homans,English Villagers of the Thirteenth Century,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1941,p.372；库尔顿也认为：“捡拾庄稼是穷人的惯例权利，他们的这种权利无疑是被承认而又不受限制的。”G.G.Coulton,The Medieval Village,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1925,p.479.著名的乡村史学家奥尔特对上述两种观点都不赞同，他指出，拾穗权的实践主体既与性别无关也与贫困程度无关。因为按照中世纪的惯例，“既不是年幼的、年长的、年老体衰的和失去工作能力的人，也不是特定的农民(包括他的雇工和家人)”才拥有拾穗权，更没有明确指出“穷人可以拥有庄稼捡拾的特权”。W.O.Ault,Open-Field Farming in Medieval England:A Study of Village By-laws,London:Allen & Unwin Australia,1972,pp.27-32. ⑦F.Thompson,Lark Rise to Candleford:A Trilogy,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1948,p.26. ⑧W.Ellis,The Modern Husbandman,Or,the Practice of Farming,Vol.3:July-Sept,London,UK:Osbourne and Cooper,1744,p.35. ⑨F.Eden,The State of the Poor:An History of the Labouring Classes in England,from the Conquest to the Present Period,Vol.2,London:Cass,1966,p.547; D.H.Morgan,Harvesters and Harvesting,1840-1900:A Study of the Rural Proletariat,London:Croom Helm,1982,p.151. ⑩E.J.T.Collins,“Harvest Technology and Labour Supply in Britain,1790-1870”,The Economic History Review,Vol.22,No.3(Dec.,1969),p.462. 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