1900年美国对中国领土的觊觎——以美国国家档案馆藏外交、军事档案为中心(4)
http://www.newdu.com 2024/11/27 05:11:34 《史学集刊》2019年第2期 刘芳 参加讨论
①美国是近代对中国最没有领土野心的国家的这一观念由来已久，19世纪被在华的美国人加以宣传，成为美国民众和官方话语中的主题。尤其是在美国提出“门户开放”政策后，中国的许多官员和舆论对美国不攫取中国领土这一点十分倚重。此后的近百年来，美国的中国问题专家们，如费正清、孔华润等仍旧继续此类言论，即使韩德在批评所谓中美特殊关系实际上是被误解了的时候，也只是提到排华等事件影响了中国人的对美感情，而没有反驳美国在领土问题上对中国友善的观点。参见[美]韩德著，项立玲、林勇军译：《中美特殊关系的形成——1914年前的美国与中国》，复旦大学出版社1993年版，第315-317页。中国学者们则一直深受现实政治的影响，20世纪上半叶既有十分亲美的表述，也有受反帝国主义浪潮影响的批判，50年代后则是出现全盘批判的一边倒情况，但其中许多研究存在简单化、公式化，以及夸大侵略的倾向，以致到改革开放后汪熙撰文《略论中美关系史的几个问题》(《世界历史》1979年第3期)强调美国是近代中外关系史上唯一没有占据中国领土的国家时，引发了中美关系史研究的大争论，此后美国没有占据中国领土的论断得到学界的基本认可。参见金卫星：《建国以来“门户开放”政策研究述评》，《史学月刊》，1999年第4期；傅德华、傅骏：《百年来“门户开放”政策研究概述》，《安徽大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)，2001年第1期。 ②《第48次会议》(1900年10月4日)，倪瑞英、赵克立、赵善继译：《八国联军占领实录：天津临时政府会议纪要》上，天津社会科学院出版社2004年版，第49页。 ③《第49次会议》(1900年10月5日)，倪瑞英、赵克立、赵善继译：《八国联军占领实录：天津临时政府会议纪要》上，第50页。 ④Russian Circular Annoucing Occupation of Left Bank of the Peiho,Opposite Foreign Concessions at Tientsin,Nov.6,1900,Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States,1901,p.41. ⑤Mr.Conger to Mr.Hay(telegram),November 14,1900,Despatches from U.S.Ministers to China,October 1-December 15,1900,Vol.109,M92,National Archives of the United States. ⑥Mr.Conger to the Russian Minister at Pekin,November 14,1900,Enclosure 9 of No.491,Despatches from U.S.Ministers to China,December 16,1900-January 31,1901,Vol.110,M92,National Archives of the United States ⑦Mr.Hay to Mr.Conger,November 16,1900,Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States,1901,p.39. ⑧康格反驳了若士得“没有美国人的财产牵涉其中”的理由，指出“如果俄国或其他国家想要一个新的租界，或延伸原有租界，都需要首先得到中国政府的同意，其他国家公开的和国际的权利应该得到尊重”，进而催促若士得尽快提出抗议。Mr.Conger to Mr.Ragsdale,November 30,1900,Enclosure 5 of No.491,Despatches from U.S.Ministers to China,December 16,1900-January 31,1901,Vol.110,M92,National Archives of the United States. ⑨Russian Minister to Mr.Conger,November 16,1900,Enclosure 10 of No.491,Despatches from U.S.Ministers to China,December 16,1900-January 31,1901,Vol.110,M92,National Archives of the United States. ⑩Mr.Conger to Russian Minister,November 22,1900,Enclosure 11 of No.491,Despatches from U.S.Ministers to China,December 16,1900-January 31,1901,Vol.110,M92,National Archives of the United States; The Russian Acting Consul at Tientsin to Mr.Ragsdale,December 5,1900,Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States,1901,p.45. (11)Notice Addressed by Belgian Consul to Consuls of Other Nations at Tientsin,November 7,1900,Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States,1901,p.42. (12)French Circular Announcing the Occupation of Certain Territory at Tientsin in addition to its Formaer Concession,November 20,1900,Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States,1901,p.42. (13)Austrian Minister to Mr.Conger,November 28,1900; Italian Minister to Mr.Conger,December 1,1900,Enclosure 14 and 15 of No.491,Despatches from U.S.Ministers to China,December 16,1900-January 31,1901,Vol.110,M92,National Archives of the United States. (14)Notice Promulgated by the Japanese Consul at Tientsin,December 28,1900,Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States,1901,p.47. (15)Mr.Conger to Belgian Minister,November 14,1900; Mr.Conger to Mr.Ragsdale,November 30,1900; Mr.Conger to Mr.Ragsdale,December 31,1900,Enclosure 12,6 and 17 of No.491,Despatches from U.S.Ministers to China,December 16,1900-January 31,1901,Vol.110,M92,National Archives of the United States (16)Belgian Minister to Mr.Conger,November 18,1900,Enclosure 13 of No.491,Despatches from U.S.Ministers to China,December 16,1900-January 31,1901,Vol.110,M92,National Archives of the United States. (17)Conger to Hay,December 31,1900,No.491,Despatches from U.S.Ministers to China,December 16,1900-January 31,1901,Vol.110,M92,National Archives of the United States (18)General Chaffee to Mr.Conger,February 21,1901,Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States,1901,p.49. (19)Major Foote to Adjutant-General,China Relief Expedition,February 17,1901,Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States,1901,p.49. (20)《第99次会议》(1901年1月26日)，《八国联军占领实录：天津临时政府会议纪要》上，第152页。 (21)Mr.Ragsdale to Major Foote,February 15,1901,Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States,1901,p.50. (22)Jules Davids edited,American diplomatic and public papers:the United States and China,series Ⅲ，th Sino-Japanese War to the Russo-Japanese War,1894-1905,Vol.12,Washington,Del.:Scholary Resources,1981,pp.156-159. (23)最近也有中国研究者通过挖掘早期的美国档案，得出了与1895年这则训令相同的结论，肯定了美国对美租界所有权的模糊性不能成为否认这种所有权存在的依据。参见田肖红：《美国档案中的早期天津美租界》，《历史教学(下半月刊)》，2013年第8期。 (24)Mr.Ragsdale to Major Foote,February 15,1901,Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States,1901,p.50. (25)Mr.Conger to Mr.Ragsdale,February 24,1901; Mr.Conger to General Chaffee,February 25,1901,Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States,1901,p.51. (26)Copy of Notice to be Served on Foreign Consuls by United States Consul at Tientsin Relative to Preservation of the Tract of Land Known as the United States Concession in Tientsin,Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States,1901,p.51. (27)Mr.Conger to Mr.Hay(Telegram),February 26,1901; Mr.Conger to Mr.Hay,February 27,1901,No.551,Despatches from U.S.Ministers to China,February 5-March 29,1901,Vol.111,M92,National Archives of the United States. (28)Mr.Hay to Mr.Conger(Telegram),February 27,1901,Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States,1901,p.48. (29)Squiers to Hay,April 22,1901,No.614,Despatches from U.S.Ministers to China,April 1-May 30,1901,Vol.112,M92,National Archives of the United States. (30)Mr.Satow to Mr.Squiers,July 24,1901,Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States,1901,p.53-54.若士得的提议参见Mr.Ragsdale to Mr.Squiers,July 13,1901,No.182,Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States,1901，p.53. (31)Mr.Squiers to Mr.Hay,July 25,1901,No.677,Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States,1901,p.52. (32)Mr.Conger to Mr.Hay(Telegram),September 9,1901; Mr.Hay to Mr.Conger(Telegram),September 12,1901,Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States,1901,p.54. (33)《美驻华公使为请将美租界复行拨给照会外务部》(光绪二十七年)，天津档案馆、南开大学分校档案系编：《天津租界档案选编》，天津人民出版社1992年版，第15-16页。 (34)Mr.Hay to Mr.Conger,November 27,1901,No.417,Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States,1901,p.58-59. (35)Ragsdale to Hill,April 22,1902,No.94,Despatches from U.S.Consuls in Tientsin,China,Jan.1,1900-June 26,1903,Vol.7,M114,National Archives of the United States. (36)天津市政协文史资料研究委员会编：《天津租界》，天津人民出版社1986年版，第35-36页。李德征、苏位智、刘天路：《八国联军侵华史》，山东大学出版社1990年版，第191页。 (37)《英同意将天津美租界归由英管辖事致函北洋大臣》(光绪二十八年七月初三日)，天津档案馆、南开大学分校档案系编：《天津租界档案选编》，第16-17页。 (38)《袁世凯为准美租界由英工部局管辖事札饬唐绍仪》(光绪二十八年七月初五日)，《袁世凯致英驻华公使复函》(光绪二十八年七月初四日)，天津档案馆、南开大学分校档案系编：《天津租界档案选编》，第17-18页。 (39)天津市档案馆编：《天津英租界工部局史料选编》上册，天津古籍出版社2012年版，第105页。 (40)Radsdale to Hill,March 18,1902,No.89; Ragsdale to Hill,March 28,1902,No.91,Despatches from U.S.Consuls in Tientsin,China,Jan.1,1900-June 26,1903,Vol.7,M114,National Archives of the United States. (41)[美]明恩溥：《动乱中的中国》，路遥主编：《义和团运动文献资料汇编·英译文卷》上，山东大学出版社2012年版，第142页。 (42)刘芳：《1900年日军登陆厦门事件再研究——着重中国大陆、日本、台湾三方的互动》，张海鹏、李细珠主编：《台湾历史研究》第二辑，社会科学文献出版社2014年版，第347-363页。 (43)佘丰、张镇世、曾世钦：《鼓浪屿沦为“公共地界”的经过》，中国人民政治协商会议福建省厦门市委员会文史资料研究委员会编：《厦门文史资料》第2辑，中国人民政治协商会议厦门市委员会文史资料研究委员会1963年版，第88页。《消耗无形》，《知新报》第131册，光绪二十六年十一月初一日，第27页。 (44)Johnson to Hill,April 17,1901,No.100,Despatches from U.S.Consuls in Amoy,China,January 1,1895-December 23,1901,Vol.14,M100,National Archives of the United States.Rockhill to Hay,April 24,1901,No.75,Despatches from U.S.Ministers to China,April 1-May 30,1901,Vol.112,M92,National Archives of the United States. (45)《美国驻厦门领事官不愿日本国在该处立有租界事》(1899年3月27日)，《总理各国事务衙门档案》，“中研院”近代史研究所藏，档案号：01-18-040-01-007；福建省地方志编纂委员会编：《福建省志·外事志》，方志出版社2004年版，第326页。 (46)Viceroy Hsu of Min-Che to Consul Johnson(Translation),received April 1,1901,Despatches from U.S.Consuls in Amoy,China,January 1,1895-December 23,1901,Vol.14,M100,National Archives of the United States. (47)Johnson to Hill,June 22,1901,No.102,Despatches from U.S.Consuls in Amoy,China,January 1,1895-December 23,1901,Vol.14,M100,National Archives of the United States. (48)Johnson to Hill,July 1,1901,No.104,Despatches from U.S.Consuls in Amoy,China,January 1,1895-December 23,1901,Vol.14,M100,National Archives of the United States. (49)Fesler to Hill,February 4,1902,No.8,Despatches from U.S.Consuls in Amoy,China,January 3,1902-August 13,1906,Vol.15,M100,National Archives of the United States. (50)Rockhill to Peirce,March 17,1902,Despatches from U.S.Consuls in Amoy,China,January 3,1902-August 13,1906,Vol.15,M100,National Archives of the United States. (51)王彦威、王亮辑编：《清季外交史料(光绪朝)》卷一六七，书目文献出版社1987年版，第8页。 (52)《鼓浪屿事件始末》，洪卜仁主编：《厦门抗战纪事》，厦门大学出版社2014年版，第147页。 (53)Adee to Squiers,August 10,1901,No.360,Diplomatic Instructions of the Department of State,June 24,1899-August 14,1906,Vol.43,M77,National Archives of the United States. (54)Conger to Hay,November 3,1898,Despatches from U.S.Ministers to China,Vol.105,M92,National Archives of the United States. (55)Conger to Hay,March 1,1899,Despatches from U.S.Ministers to China,Vol.106,National Archives of the United States. (56)R.B.Bradford,Coaling Stations for the Navy,Forum,26:732-747(February 1899). (57)John Bassett Moore's memorandum of conversation with Secretary of State John Hay,July 1,1900,Moore Papers,Library of U.S.Congress. (58)Bradford to Long,June 29,1900,File 14661-9; Long to Hay,July 31,1900,File 11324,Office of the Secretary of the Navy,RG80,National Archives of the United States. (59)Long to Hay,October 23,1900,File 11324-3,Office of the Secretary of the Navy,RG80,National Archives of the United States. (60)Hay to Conger(Cipher Telegram),November 19,1900,Diplomatic Instructions of the Department of State,June 24,1899-August 14,1906,National Archives of the United States. (61)1900年6月20日至8月14日，义和团和清军对北京东交民巷发动围攻，史称庚子转发攻使馆事件。美国驻华公使康格在此期间被困于美国驻华使馆。 (62)Conger to Hay(Cipher Telegram),Nov.23,1900,Despatches from U.S.Ministers to China,October 1-December 15,1900,Vol.109,M92,National Archives of the United States. (63)Conger to Hay(Cipher Telegram),Dec.7,1900,Despatches from U.S.Ministers to China,October 1-December 15,1900,Vol.109,M92,National Archives of the United States. (64)《国务卿海约翰致美国驻日本公使》(1900年12月7日)，《美国驻日本公使给国务卿海约翰的报告》(1900年12月10日)，《日本驻美国公使致国务卿海约翰》(1900年12月11日)，阎广耀、方生译：《美国对华政策文件选编：从鸦片战争到第一次世界大战》，人民出版社1990年版，第184-185页。 (65)Bradford to Long,January 14,1901; Bradford to Long,January 16,1901,File 11324-3,Office of the Secretary of the Navy,RG80,National Archives of the United States. (66)《美国驻华公使康格给国务卿海约翰的报告》(1901年9月13日)，阎广耀、方生译：《美国对华政策文件选编：从鸦片战争到第一次世界大战》，第185页。 (67)参见Marilyn Young,The Rhetoric of Empire:American China Policy 1895-1901,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1968,p.206. (责任编辑：admin) |