青铜，是指红铜与锡、铅等其他化学元素的合金，因颜色呈青灰色而得名。青铜器在中国原始社会末期已经被制造出来，之后中国经历了长达十六个世纪的青铜时代，创造了辉煌灿烂的文明。 唐代以前的铜器习惯上称为古代青铜器，其历史既久，发展变化也很大。从商代至唐代，各个时期的铜器在铸造工艺、花纹、铭文上各有特色。如商代青铜器的花纹，多为平纹、二层花纹、三层花纹的；图案则是被夸张与改造过的各种动物形象，如四条腿的动物，在有的铜器图案中被改为两条腿，有的动物羽毛被代之以篆形纹等。平纹铜器的饕餮纹，在形象之间多以回纹填空，大空间填上大方空细回纹，小空间填上小方空细回纹，微小空间填上小点方细回纹或小长方空细回纹。二层花纹的纹饰多是窄而凸，常为夔龙纹，空间填上细回纹。三层花纹的纹饰在器物上凸起，旁边凹下去的空间填上细回纹，这是三层花纹的特点。三层花纹的铜器，多有起脊的，如商方鼎，四面是饕餮纹，口下夔纹，鼎腹中饕餮面纹，中间起脊，四角起脊，脊上有豁口纹。 目前已知最早的青铜制品是在甘肃东乡林家马家窑文化遗址中出土的一件单范铸造的青铜刀，装饰较少，反映出远古先民纯朴的审美意识。 夏代（21世纪B.C～16世纪B.C）的青铜器中已经有了象征身份等级的礼器，与礼制的政治制度相呼应。 商代（16世纪B.C～11世纪B.C）青铜器发展到鼎盛，大型器物迭见，花纹繁缛精致，并有一些神秘主义的色彩。 商代青铜器有很多腹中是素纹的，边沿是夔纹及草龙纹，或凸起来的人面纹，还有兽纹、角叶纹、蝉纹、枭纹，等等。 商代铜器花纹的另一特点是阴道深而底平，花纹非常规矩有力。商代初期铜器花纹糙而平纹多，多为薄胎铜器。中期母模型铸造无缝，花纹非常细致，细回纹填空，有的细如鬃毛。芝麻粒大的空间，也填上小点点长形或方形细回纹。 商代铜器的又一特点：方圆、卣、簋、壶等，足内多是平底，且有凸形网纹，网纹为菱形组合。商代铜器上多有铜钉，这是器物铸造后，用铜水补孔形成的。商代铜器也有用分铸法的，但较少。如器物上的耳、兽头，可先分别铸好，再放在铸器模上，在浇铸器体时铜水便会将其与器体联结成一个整体。在商代还没有大、小焊接技术，以铜焊铜（即大焊）是战国以后才有的。 西周时期（11世纪B.C～776B.C）青铜器与礼制的结合更加紧密，冶铸技术日趋成熟，出现了长篇铭文，成为珍贵的历史资料。 周代铜器从铸造工艺来看，比商代铜器粗糙，带铭文的较多，如周代的虢季子白盘，兽头环，平糙纹，铭文多达百余字。盂鼎，腹是至素纹，口下是兽面纹、夔纹，铭文达二百多字。此外铜簋、豆、等等，多数是糙纹，铭文二三十字的举不胜举。 春秋战国（776B.C～221B.C）时青铜器一改过去的设计，风格纤巧、清新，普遍采用更高水平的制作工艺，极富地方性和生活色彩。 春秋时代的铜器同西周铜器相近，但花纹已有所演变进化，出现了瓦棱纹、鱼鳞纹、蛇纹、爬兽纹等等。战国初期的铜器与春秋时期的类似，但到中后期就大不相同了。战国时期，我们的祖先已经掌握了鎏金、银的技术和镶嵌的技巧，在这时的青铜器物上右面发现旋工、铆钉、打眼的痕迹，也有了雕錾花纹及铭文的痕迹。 秦代以后（221B.C～1840A.D），礼器比重大减，钱币、度量衡和铜镜经过更新、创制，成为中国封建社会青铜器的主流，在漫长的时间里，中国的青铜器铸造技艺一直保持着其他国家望尘莫及的水平。 汉代青铜器很多都是素纹，大部分还是铸造的，也有的花纹、铭文是用錾子雕刻的。比如汉代的鎏金杯子、奁、盒、碗等用具上的花纹，多是雕刻的。 汉代以后至唐代的铜器，铸造的花纹很多，其中有打料的铜、金、银器，并且也有了大、小焊的技术。 青铜器，集造型、雕塑、绘画等多种艺术之成，具有极高的实用价值和艺术审美价值，是中国文物艺术中的瑰宝，也是世界美术史上的精华。 screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; 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