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进步运动时代美国的医保改革及其启示(6)


    ①本文中的“医疗保险”,非经说明,均指强制医保(Compulsory Health Insurance),而非商业性或互助性医疗保险。
    ②Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services,National Health Expenditures 2013 Highlights,http://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Statistics-Trends-and-Reports/NationalHealthExpendData/downloads/highlights.pdf,2015年3月12日。
    ③U.S.Census Bureau,Health Insurance Coverage in the United States:2013,p.18.http://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2014/demo/p60-250.pdf,2015年3月9日。
    ④Paul Starr,Remedy and Reaction:The Peculiar American Struggle over Health Care Reform,New Haven:Yale University Press,2011; Colin Gordon,Dead on Arrival:The Politics of Health Care in Twentieth-Century America,Princeton:Princeton University Press,2004; David Blumenthal,James Morone,The Heart of Power:Health and Politics in the Oval Office,Berkeley,CA:University of California Press,2009.
    ⑤Paul Starr,The Social Transformation of American Medicine:The Rise of a Sovereign Profession and the Making a Vast Industry,New York:Basic Books,1984.
    ⑥John E.Murray,Origins of American Health Insurance:A History of Industrial Sickness Funds,New Haven:Yale University Press,2007.
    ⑦Laurie Zoloth,Health Care and the Ethnics of Encounter:A Jewish Discussion of Social Justice,Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,1999.
    ⑧Abram De Swaan,In Care of the State:Health Care,Education and Welfare in Europe and the USA in the Modern Era,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1988; Paul V.Dutton,Differential Diagnoses:A Comparative History of Health Care Problems and Solutions in the United States and France,Ithaca:ILR Press,2007.
    ⑨代表成果主要有:高芳英:《美国医疗保健服务体系的形成、发展与改革》,《史学集刊》2010年第6期;高芳英:《欧美三大医疗保险模式的历史成因》,《史林》2010年第6期;何佳馨:《美国医疗保险制度的历史考察与理论检省》,《法制与社会发展》2012年第4期;高芳英:《社会价值冲突:以美国医改为视角》,《国外社会科学》2012年第4期;高芳英:《美国医疗体制改革历程探析》,《世界历史》2014年第4期;荣霞:《美国全民医疗改革:从克林顿到奥巴马》,博士学位论文,南京大学,2014年;祝晓静:《当代利益集团对美国医疗保险制度改革的影响——以90年代克林顿政府的医保改革为例》,硕士学位论文,华中科技大学,2009年;陈超:《1980年代以来美国雇主提供式医保(ESI)覆盖率下滑的原因》,硕士学位论文,苏州大学,2013年。
    ⑩Beatrix Hoffman,The Wages of Sickness:The Politics of Health Insurance in Progressive America,Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,2001.
    (11)Daniel T.Rodgers,Atlantic Crossing:Social Politics in a Progressive Age,Cambridge,Mass:The Belknap Press,1998,pp.209—234; John E.Murray,Origins of American Health Insurance,pp.16—37.
    (12)Ronald L.Numbers,Almost Persuaded:American Physicians and Compulsory Health Insurance,1912-1920,Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press,1978.
    (13)Till Bamighausen,Rainer Sauerbom,"One Hundred and Eighteen Years of German Health Insurance System:Are There Any Lessons for Middle-and Low-Income Countries," Social Science and Medicine,Vol.54,no.10(May 2002),pp.1559—1587.
    (14)Richard B.Saltman,Reinhard Busse,and Josep Figueras,eds.,Social Health Insurance Systems in Western Europe,Berkshire:Open University Press,2004,pp.23—24.
    (15)Paul Starr,Remedy and Reaction,p.30.
    (16)David A.Moss,Socializing Security:Progressive Era Economists and the Origins of American Social Policy,Cambridge,Mass:Harvard University Press,1987,p.79.
    (17)Theda Skocpol,Protecting Soldiers and Mothers:The Political Origins of Social Policy in United States,Cambridge,Mass:The Belknap Press,1995,pp.293—302.
    (18)Beatrix Hoffman,The Wages of Sickness,p.27.
    (19)Daniel T.Rodgers,Atlantic Crossing,p.114.
    (20)David Rosner,ed.,Hives of Sickness:Public Health and Epidemics in New York City,New Brunswick,NJ:Rutgers University Press,1995,pp.13—14.
    (21)"Labor Unions to Fight Consumption," New York Times,February 22,1904.
    (22)Beatrix Hoffman,The Wages of Sickness,p.6.
    (23)"Health Insurance:Tentative Draft of An Act," The American Labor Legislation Review,Vol.6,1916,pp.239—268.
    (24)Paul Starr,Remedy and Reaction,p.31.
    (25)http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/290136/interest-group,2015年3月13日。
    (26)David C.Nice,"Interest Groups and Policymaking in the American States," Political Behavior,Vol.6,no.2,1984,pp.183—196.
    (27)"Constitutionality of the New York Workingmen's Compensation Act," Columbia Law Review,Vol.10,No.8,1910,p.754.
    (28)"Study Insurance Aboard," New York Times,July 6,1914.
    (29)"No Bill on Workingmen's Compensation from the Civic Federation," New York Times,March 23,1915.
    (30)Alice B.Locke,"Compulsory Insurance Opposed by Women's Benefit Societies," The National Civic Federation R iew,July 10,1920.
    (31)"Mills Medical Bill Assailed by Easley," New York Times,March 13,1916.
    (32)Beatrix Hoffman,The Wages of Sickness,pp.95—96.
    (33)"Health Insurance for New York's Workers," New York Times,January 30,1916.
    (34)David A.Moss,Socializing Security,pp 154—156.
    (35)David T.Beito,From Mutual Aid to the Welfare State:Fraternal Societies and Social Services,1890-1967,Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,2009,p.24.
    (36)Frederick L.Hoffman,"Industrial Insurance," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,Vol.26(June 1905),pp.103—105.
    (37)R J.Myers,"The Effect of the Social Security Act on the Life Insurance Needs of Labor," Journal of Political Economy,Vol.45,no.5(Oct 1937),p.682.
    (38)David A.Moss,Socializing Security,p.146.
    (39)Rufus M.Potts,Addresses and Papers on Insurance,Springfield,Ill:Schnepp & Barnes,1917,p.95.
    (40)David A.Moss,Socializing Security,p.146.
    (41)Jennifer L.Klein,"Managing Security:The Business of American Social Policy,1910s—1960," University of Virginia Doctoral Dissertation,1999,p.51.
    (42)Beatrix Hoffman,The Wages of Sickness,p.70.
    (43)David Rosner,ed.,Hives of Sickness,pp.155—196.
    (44)Alexander Lambert,"Medical Organization under Health Insurance," The American Labor Legislation Review,Vol.7,1917,pp 38—47.
    (45)Paul Starr,The Social Transformation of American Medicine,pp.252—253.
    (46)"Report Condemns Social Insurance," New York Times,January 14,1917.
    (47)Beatrix Hoffman,The Wages of Sickness,p.81.
    (48)"Health Insurance Measure Amended," New York Times,March 17,1919.
    (49)"Unite in Attack on Health Insurance," New York Times,March 20,1919.
    (50)Henry D.Lloyd,Wealth against Commonwealth,New York:Harper & Brothers,1894,p.510.
    (51)John A.Thompson,Reformers and War:American Progressive Publicists and the First World War,Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press,1987,p.64.
    (52)Joseph Hirsh,"The Compulsory Health Insurance Movement in the United States," Social Forces,VoL 18,no.1,1939,p.107.
    (53)Beatrix Hoffman,The Wages of Sickness,p.86.
    (54)Minnie W.Aydelotte,"Social Insurance," Ladies Review.
    (55)David T.Beito,From Mutual Aid to the Welfare State,p.149.
    (56)John Higham,Strangers in the Land:Patterns of American Nativism,1860-1925,New Brunswick,NJ:Rutgers University Press,1998,pp.197—221.
    (57)Beatrix Hoffman,The Wages of Sickness,pp.55—56.
    (58)David A.Moss,Socializing Security,p.155.
    (59)Beatrix Hoffman,The Wages of Sickness,p.110.
    (60)Charles Jenny,Report on Insurance Business in the United States at the Eleventh Census,1890,Washington,D.C.:Government Printing Office,1895,pp.206—255.
    (61)John E.Murray,"Industrial Sickness Fund:Overview and Definition," http://eh.net/encyclopedia/industrial-sickness-funds/,2015年3月6日。
    (62)John E.Murray,Origins of American Health Insurance,p.7.
    (63)Census Bureau,Historical Statistics of the United States:From Colonial Times to 1970,Vol.1,Washington,D.C.:The Government Printing Office,1975,pp.152—153.
    (64)John E.Murray,"Industrial Sickness Fund:Overview and Definition."
    (65)R.R Sayers,"General Aspects and Functions of the Sick Benefit Organization," Public Health Reports,Vol.52,No.5(Nov 1937),pp.1563—1580.
    (66)John E.Murray,Origins of American Health Insurance,pp.65—66,p.93.
    (67)James B.Kennedy,"Beneficiary Features of American Trade Unions," Johns Hopkins University Doctoral Dissertation,1907,pp.92—94.
    (68)James M.Lynch,"Trade Union Sickness Insurance," The American Labor Legislation Review,Vol.4,1914,pp.87—88.
    (69)U.S.Commissioner of Labor,Twenty-Third Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor,1908,Washington,D.C.:Government Printing Office,1910,p.203.
    (70)Frederic Hoffman,Facts and Fallacies of Compulsory Health Insurance,Newark,NJ:Prudential Press,1920,pp.71—88.
    (71)Isaac M.Rubinow,"Health Insurance through Local Mutual Funds," The American Labor Legislation Review,Vol.7,1917,pp.69—90.
    (72)Bureau of Labor Statistics,Proceedings of the Conference on Social Insurance,Washington,D.C.:Government Printing Office,1917,p.567.
    (73)Beatrix Hoffman,The Wages of Sickness,pp 115—136.
    (74)David A.Moss,Socializing Security,pp.141—143.
    (75)Rufus M.Potts,Addresses and Papers on Insurance,pp.56—57.
    (76)"See Labor Benefits in New Legislation," New York Times,September 1,1919.
       (原文刊于《史林》2016年第5期) (责任编辑:admin)