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注释： ①主要包括：Kerry Powell, Women and Victorian Theatre（Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1997）。Gail Marshall, Actress on the Victorian Stage（Cambridge: Cambridge UP,1998）。Edward Ziter, The Orient on the Victorian Stage（Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003）。Kerry Powell, ed, The Cambridge Companion to Victorian and Edwrdian Theatre（Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2004）。Lynn M Voskuil, Acting Naturally: Victorian Theatricality and Authenticity（Charlottesville；London: U of Virginia P, 2004）。 ②主要包括：Michael R. Booth, Victorian Spectacular Theatre 1850-1910（Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981）。Alan Hughes, Henry Irving, Shakespearean （Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1981）。Richard W.Schoch, Shakespeare’s Victorian Stage: Performing History in the Theatre of Charles Kean （Cambridge；New York: Cambridge UP 1998） ③“考古真实性”舞台最早出现在德国剧场，在19世纪的法国剧场也有着广泛的应用。1801年席勒在宫廷剧院上演自己的名作《奥尔良的姑娘》，该剧的服装以精确细致的历史准确性闻名，为“考古真实性”舞台技巧的首次亮相。 ④演员-经理体系是19世纪英国剧场的主导管理体制，剧院中的明星演员既是戏剧演出的核心人物又是剧场经营管理的负责人。 ⑤参见R.Foulles, ed., Shakespeare and the Victorian Stage（Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1986）。W.B. Worthen, Shakespeare and the Authority of Performance （Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1997）。Gail Marshall and Adrian Poole, eds., VictorianShakespeare.2 vols （Hampshire；New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004）。 ⑥威廉·查尔斯·麦克里迪：英国19世纪中期考文特花园剧院和特鲁里雷恩剧院著名经理，一些学者称其为第一位现代意义上的英国导演。 ⑦值得一提的是，凯恩的公主剧院和水晶宫位于同一街区，水晶宫展览的风靡也带动了公主剧院演出收入的增加。 ⑧参见Peter Allan Dale, The Victorian Critic and the Idea of History（Cambridge；Mass: Harvard UP, 1977）。V.F Storr, The Development of English Theology in the Nineteenth Century（London: Longmans, 1913）。G. P. Gooch, History and Historians in the Nineteenth Century（London: Longmans, 1952）。 ⑨例如舞台上频繁使用的全景画就和当时照相技术的发明有关，而照明设备的不断更新，从煤气灯、钙光灯到炭质灯，以及后来的白炽灯，都源于灯具的改进发明。 【参考文献】 1.Baudrillard, Jean. Simulacra and Simulation. Trans. Sheila Faria Glaser. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1994. 2.Benjamin, Walter. “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction.” Illuminations. Trans. Harry Zohn. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968. 3.Booth, Michael R.“A Defense of Nineteenth-century English Drama.” Educational Theatre Journal 26.（1974） : 5-13. 4.-， ed. English Plays of the Nineteenth Century. Vol 1. Oxford: Clarendon, 1969. 5.-， Victorian Spectacular Theatre 1850-1910. Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981. 6.Brockett, Oscar G., and Robert R. Findlay. Century of Innovation: A History of European and American Theatre and Drama Since 1870. New Jersey: PrenticeHall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, 1973. 7.Carlyle, Thomas. Critical and Miscellaneous Essays. Vol. 1. New York: C. Scribner‘s Sons, 1900. 8.Dale, Peter Allan. The Victorian Critic and the Idea of History. Cambridge; Mass: Harvard UP, 1977. 9.Debord, Guy. The Society of Spectacle. Trans. Donaid Nicholson-Smith. New York: Zone Books, 1995. 10.Dillon, Steve. “Victorian Interior.” Modern Lan. guage Quarterly 62: 2 （2001）：83-115. 11.Finkel, Alicia. Romantic Stages: Set and Costume Design in Victorian England. Jefferson； North Carolina: McFarland, 1996. 12.Fitzgerald, Percy. The World behind the Scenes. London: Chatto and Windus, 1881. 13.Greene, Kevin. Archaeology: An Introduction. London; New York: Routledge, 2002. 14.Hughes, Alan. Henry Irving, Shakespearean. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1981. 15.Jackson, Russell, ed. Victorian Theatre: A New Mermaid Background Book. London: A. & C. Black,1989. 16.Jameson, Fredric. Postmodernism, or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. Durham: Duke UP, 1991. 17.Lee, C. H. “Regional Growth and Structural Change in Victorian Britain. “ The Economic History Review.34. 3 （1981）： 438-52. 18.Richards, Thomas. The Commodity Culture of Victorian England: Advertising and Spectacle 1851-1914.Stanford: Stanford UP, 1990. 19.Schoch, Richard W. Shakespeare’s Victorian Stage: Performing History in the Theatre of Charles Kean. Cambridge； New York: Cambridge UP, 1998. 20.Spielman, M. H. “A Shakespearean Revival: ‘Macbeth’.” Magazine of Art. 1889. 21.Taylor, George. Players and Performances in the Victorian Theatre. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1989. 22.Woodfield, James. English Theatre in Transition 1881-1914. London: Croom Helm, 1984. 23.Worthen, W. B. Shakespeare and the Authority of Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1997. 24.波德莱尔：《波德莱尔美学论文选》，郭宏安译。北京：人民文学出版社，1987。 25.罗岗、顾铮编《视觉文化读本》。桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2003。
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