注释: ①对于多数学者来说,当前的世界史和全球史无论在研究方法还是在研究对象上,都存在高度的一致性,因此并无本质上的区别。但在某些历史学家,比如布鲁斯·马兹利什看来,全球史似乎更强调全球化的历史,或对历史上全球化因素的追溯。关于全球史与世界史的不同之处,参见Bruce Mazlish,"Comparing Global History to World History," Journal of Interdisciplinary History,vol.28,no.3(Winter 1998),pp.389-390.马兹利什在2006年甚至提出"新全球史"的概念,指出新全球史的研究重点是二战以来的全球化的历史,参见Bruce Mazlish,The New Global History,New York and London:Routledge,2006,p.12. ②Dieter Senghaas,The Clash within Civilisations:Coming to Terms with Cultural Conflicts,London and New York:Routledge,2002,p.6. ③Kerwin Lee Klein,"In Search of Narrative Mastery:Postmodernism and the People without History," History and Theory,vol.34,no.4(Dec.1995),p.298. ④比如,多米尼克·塞森麦尔指出:"全球史的真正潜能在于运用多种视角的文化上的普遍取向。任何具有明显全球视角的研究还必须找到平衡普遍性和特殊性的方法。它必须对全球结构的内在差异和地方力量的全球维度保持同样的敏感度。"参见Dominic Sachsenmaier,"Global History and Critiques of Western Perspectives," Comparative Education,vol.42,no.3(Aug.2006),p.455.中国学者对于全球史的批评与质疑,可参见刘新成:《全球史观在中国》,《历史研究》2011年第6期,第180-187页。 ⑤Ewa Domanska,"Universal History and Postmodernism,Storia della Storiografia,no.35,1999,p.130. ⑥柯林武德:《历史哲学纲要》,《历史的观念》,何兆武、张文杰、陈新译,北京:北京大学出版社,2010年,第440页。 ⑦比如波利比阿的《历史》和攸西比乌斯的《教会史》。波利比阿的《历史》被认为是第一部普遍史,攸西比乌斯的《教会史》则被看作第一部基督教化的普遍史。 ⑧David Christian,Maps of Time:An Introduction to Big History,Berkeley:University of California Press,2004,p.7; Fred Spier,Big History and the Future of Humanity,Malden:Wiley-Blackwell,2010,p.IX. ⑨1492年或1500年通常被认为是全球化的起点,但也有学者提出全球化其实在人类文明的早期就已开始。参见William Green,"Periodizing World History," History and Theory,vol.34,no.2,Theme Issue 34(May 1995),pp.99-111; Justin Jennings,Globalizations and the Ancient World,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2011.一些经济史学者对全球史史学家将全球化的起源大幅度提前表示质疑,他们认为,并没有证据表明全球化始于5000年之前或500年之前,它只发端于19世纪早期,完全是一个现代现象。参见Kevin H.O'Rourke and Jeffrey G.Williamson,"When Did Globalisation Begin?" European Review of Economic History,vol.6,no.1(Apr.2002),pp.23-50. ⑩对全球史编纂传统的回顾,可参见Jerry H.Bentley,Shapes of World History in Twentieth-Century Scholarship,Washington,D.C.:American Historical Association,1996; Patrick O'Brien,"Historiographical Traditions and Modern Imperatives for the Restoration of Global History," Journal of Global History,vol.1,no.1(Mar.2006),pp.3-39. (11)海登·怀特:《形式的内容:叙事话语与历史再现》,董立河译,北京;文津出版社,2005年,第202页。 (12)Arif Dirlik,"Is There History after Eurocentrism?:Globalism,Postcolonialism,and the Disavowal of History," Cultural Critique,no.42(Spring 1999),p.12. (13)Jerry H.Bentley,"Cross-Cultural Interaction and periodization in World History," The American Historical Review,vol.101,no.3(Jun.1996),p.750. (14)Jerry H.Bentley,"Cross-Cultural Interaction and Periodization in World History," p.752. (15)相关研究,可参见J.J.Clarke,Oriental Enlightenment:The Encounter between Asian and Western Thought,London and New York:Routledge,1997; John Rennie Short,Cartographic Encounters:Indigenous Peoples and the Exploration of the New World,London:Reaktion Books,2009; Susan Castillo,Colonial Encounters in New World Writing,1500-1786,London and New York:Routledge,2006; Brian Sandberg,"Beyond Encounters:Religion,Ethnicity,and Violence in the Early Modern Atlantic World,1492-1700," Journal of World History,vol.17,no.1(Mar.2006),pp.1-25; Karina Attar,"Muslim-Christian Encounters in Masuccio Salernitano's Novellino," Medieval Encounters,vol.11,no.1-2(Apr.2005),pp.71-100.
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