六、结论
    纵观古代埃及历史发展进程，国家始终拥有土地的所有权，而国王就是全国土地的所有者。尽管古代埃及土地私有化进程相对迟缓，但是在土地占有形式上仍然发生着变化。随着土地的占有权和使用权等权利的层层下分，土地的使用权逐渐固化成占有权。随着土地使用权的日益固化，所谓的私有化也越来越强，国家对土地的所有权也随之弱化。
    在古代埃及，土地的私有化进程发端于国王的馈赠，并通过土地买卖和继承而不断深化和加快。古王国和中王国时期，因服务于神庙丧葬活动而来的祭田成为埃及个人土地占有的基本形式。而到了埃及文明的鼎盛期——新王国时期，随着对外战争的增多，军人屯田遂成为古代埃及个人土地占有的主要形式。尽管我们没有足够的文献资料用以计算个人占有的土地面积，并且小块土地的占有形式在不同时期和不同地区存在着差异，但是，土地的私有化却也是不争的事实。无论是土地的买卖、租赁、继承、转让，以及由此而来的土地纠纷，都是基于土地的私有化。土地的登记制度则揭示了国家对私有土地的承认，而土地相关法规的制定则基于国家对私有土地，特别是小块地产的保护。尽管如此，随着古代埃及历史的演进，土地兼并现象日趋严重。为了逃避繁重的赋税和劳役，小土地占有者将他们的土地自愿捐赠给神庙和王室，或者被大土地所有者强行兼并，他们也随之成为依附民。同时，土地兼并现象的加剧也加快了土地私有化的进程。
    注释：
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