①埃里克斯·默德(Alex Mold)有三篇代表性的文章涉及此主题,其研究时段集中在20世纪80年代之前:《重新定位病患:1960-1970年代英国病人组织、消费者保护主义和自治》(Repositioning the Patient:Patient Organizations,Consumerism,and Autonomy in Britain during the 1960s and 1970s[J].Bull,Hist.Med,2013,87)、《1960-1980年病人的权利和英国国民健康服务体系》(Patients Right and the National Health Service in Britain,1960s-1980s[J].American Journal of Public Health,November.2012,Vol.102,No.11)和《玛格丽特·撒切尔英国时期病人—消费者的形成》(Making the Patient-Consumer in Margaret Thatcher's Britain[J].The Historical Journal,Vol.54,Issue 02,June 2011.);马晓的《中英医患关系道德调节的比较研究》(第四军医大学,2002年硕士论文);余成普的《国外医患互动中的病人地位研究述评——病人角色理论到消费者权利保护主义》(《中国医院管理》,2008年第1期);陈勇的《从病人话语到医生话语——英国近代医患关系的历史考察》(《史学集刊》,2010年第6期)。 ②“以病人为中心”(Patient-Centered)一词是1956年由萨斯(Szasz)和郝雷德(Hollender)首次提出(Alan Bleakley,Patient-Centered Medicine in Transition-The Heart of the Matter,New York and London:Springer International Publish,2014),但并未得到医学界的充分重视。80年代,“以病人为中心”的临床方法作为一种概念首次应用于医学研究和教学中,其包含五个层次的含义:一是了解病人关注和需要的信息;二是指把病患看成具有一定情感、思想的“人”;三是分析病人身体问题的共同根源与医疗管理方面的相互关系;四是改善预防和提高卫生质量;五是指医患之间建立长久的信任关系(Moira Stewart,ect,Patient-centered Medicine:Transforming the Clinical Method,Radcllife Medical Press,2003)。1983年,美国弗罗里达州的湖岸地区医疗中心首次将此概念付诸实践。我国是在1996年11月的全国卫生工作会议上,彭佩云提出把“以病人为中心”作为医院的办院宗旨。 ③循证医学又称之为实证医学,是一种新型的医疗范式,即在医学文献中需求最好的证据以应用于病人的医护。它致力于给予每一个病人尽可能最好的医疗服务(Dan Mayer.Essential.Evidence-Based Medicine,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.2004)。1992年,循证医学一词由乔丹·盖亚特(Gordon Guyatt)提出,最初指一种新型的医学教学方式。1996年戴维·L·斯卡特(David L.Sackett)及其同事明确界定其内涵,认为循证医学指小心谨慎地、明确地、理性运用当前的证据以确定个体病人的治疗方案,在医疗实践中,主张综合临床医生的经验和医学研究中病人最有效的外部临床迹象以确定治疗方案。(David L.Sackett,William M.C.Rosenberg.Evidence Based Medicine:What It Is And What It Isn't:It's About Integrating Individual Clinical Expertise And The Best External Evidence,British Medical Journal,Vol.312,No.7023(Jan.13,1996)。 原文参考文献:[1]Alex Mold.Repositioning the Patient:Patient Organizations,Consumerism,and Autonomy in Britain during the 1960s and 1970s[J].Bull,Hist.Med.2013,87. [2]Donald Irvine.Doctor in the UK:their new professionalism and its regulatory framework[J].The Lancet.Nov.24,2001; 358. [3]John Carrier and Ian Kendall.Health and the National Health Service[M].London:Routledge,2015. [4]Connell,Jill; Bradley,Sue.Visiting children in hospital:A vision from the past[J].Paediatric Nursing.Apr 2000; Vol.12,No.3. [5]Jonathan Hollowell(ed.).Britain since 1945[M].Oxford:Blackwell Publishing.2003. [6]Tessa Richards.Interviews With Consultants[J].British Medical Journal.Vol.297,No.6640(Jul.2,1988). [7]House of Commons Hansard.Mentally Handicapped Patients,HC Deb.23.January,1973.vol.849.[EB/OL].http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1973/jan/23/mentally-handicapped-patients.2015-11-6. [8]House of Commons,Rights of Patients[Z].London:H.S.M.O.,April 10,1974. [9]The Health Committee.Working for Patients[Z].London:H.S.M.O.,January,1989. [10]Linda Beecham.Will It Be Better For Patients?[J].British Medical Journal,Vol.303,No.6805(Sep.28,1991). [11]Dame Elizabeth Ackroyd.Rejection of Doctors as Moral Guides[J].Journal of Medical Ethics.Vol.10,No.3(Sep.,1984). [12]John Warden.Letter From Westminster:Patients Rule OK?[J].British Medical Journal(Clinical Research Edition),Vol.294,No.6581(May 9,1987). [13]John Warden.Letter From Westminster:Patient Power On The March[J].British Medical Journal(Clinical Research Edition),Vol.296,No.6635(May 28,1988). [14]Stephen Bruster,Brian Jarman,Nick Bosanquet,Debra Weston,Robert Erens and Thomas L.Delbanco.National Survey of Hospital Patients[J].British Medical Journal.Vol.309,No.6968(Dec.10,1994). [15]李本富,李曦.医学伦理学十五讲[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2007. [16]Iain Dale edited.Labour Party General Election Manifestors 1900-1997[M].London:Routledge published,2000. [17]The Health Committee.The NHS Plan:A Plan for Investment,A Plan for Reform[Z].London:The Stationery Office.July,2000. [18]John Carvel.NHS constitution ends era of “doctor knows best”.Wednesday.21.January.2009.[EB/OL].http://www.theguardian.com/society/2009/jan/21/nhs-constitution-rights-treatment.2015-11-6. (原文刊于《郑州大学学报:哲学社会科学版》2016年第7期) (责任编辑:admin) |