雅典人是如何打伯罗奔尼撒战争的?——“伯里克利战略”研究的回顾与思考(8)
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注释： ①本文部分专有名词的中文翻译可能与读者熟悉的有所不同，故加了英文拼写。 ②本文引用的修昔底德文本均系笔者从古希腊文本自译，原文见“牛津古典文本”(Oxford Classical Texts)，即H.S.Jones,J.E.Powell,Thucydidis Historiae,Oxford University Press,First printed 1900.Reprinted with Emended and Augmented Apparatus Criticus 1942.这里依据惯例仅注明原文的卷、章、节序号，下文引用修昔底德的原文均循此例。 ③Hans Delbrück,Die Strategie des Perikles.Berlin,1890. ④Hans Delbrück,History of the Art of War,Vol.Ⅰ,Warfare in Antiquity,tr.by Walter J.Renfroe,Jr.,Reprint Edition,Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press,1990.pp.135-145. ⑤转引自B.X.de Wet,The So-called Defensive Policy of Pericles,Acta Classica,1969.p.103. ⑥⑦H.D.Westlake,Seaborne Raids in Periclean Strategy,The Classical Quarterly,Vol.39,No.3/4,1945.p.75; p.76. ⑧希洛特(Helots)是斯巴达城邦的奴隶，为斯巴达人耕种土地。作者这里的“希洛特”居住于拉科尼亚(Laconia)，这里的“墨塞尼亚人”指的是被征服的墨塞尼亚人，一般也被成为“希洛特”。前者与斯巴达人关系略好，墨塞尼亚人则一直在反抗斯巴达人的统治。 ⑨⑩(11)(12)H.D.Westlake,Seaborne Raids in Periclean Strategy,The Classical Quarterly,Vol.39,No.3/4,1945.p.79; p.82; pp.82-83; p.84. (13)Oxford Classical Dictionary,Oxford at the Clarendon Press,1949,Reprinted 1953.p.904. (14)(15)Mortimer H.Chambers,Thucydides and Pericles,Harvard Studies in Classical Philology,Vol.62,1957.pp.83-84; pp.86-87. (16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)B.X.de Wet,The So-called Defensive Policy of Pericles,Acta Classica,1969.p.105; pp.105-106; p.107; pp.108-109; pp.110-111; p.115; pp.115-116; pp.116-119. (24)Donald W.Knight,Thucydides and the War Strategy of Pericles,Mnemosyne,Vol.23,1970.p.152. (25)Donald W.Knight,Thucydides and the War Strategy of Pericles,Mnemosyne,Vol.23,1970.pp.160-161. (26)Donald Kagan,The Archidamian War,Ithaca and London:Cornell University Press,1974,Third Printing,1996.其他三部是《伯罗奔尼撒战争的爆发》(The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War)、《尼喀阿斯和约和西西里远征》(The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition)和《雅典帝国的覆亡》(The Fall of the Athenian Empire)，分别出版于1969、1981、1987年。所谓“阿耳喀达摩斯战争”(Archidamian War)，指伯罗奔尼撒战争的头十年，当时斯巴达国王阿耳喀达摩斯二世(约前476-427年)在位，故以其名字命名。 (27)Donald Kagan,The Archidamian War,Ithaca and London:Cornell University Press,1974,Third Printing,1996.p.37.另见Russell Meiggs,David Lewis(ed.),A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions,Oxford:Clarendon Press,Revised Edition,1988.pp.149-151。此事发生于前440-439年，共三笔开支：128+368+908=1404(塔兰同)。 (28)(29)Donald Kagan,The Archidamian War,Ithaca and London:Cornell University Press,1974,Third Printing,1996.pp.37-40; p.40. (30)(31)Donald Kagan,The Archidamian War,Ithaca and London:Cornell University Press,1974,Third Printing,1996.p.35,40; p.25. (32)(33)(34)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)Lisa Kallet-Marx,Money,Expense,and Naval Power in Thucydides’History 1-5.24,Berkeley:University of California Press,1993.p.2; p.205; pp.10-11; p.3; pp.188-189; pp.194-195; p.196; pp.198-199; p.199. (35)修昔底德著作第1卷追溯希腊早期历史的部分(1.2-19)，被西方学者称为“Archaeology”。 (42)Lisa Kallet-Marx,Money,Expense,and Naval Power in Thucydides’History 1-5.24,Berkeley:University of California Press,1993.p.204. (43)“我相信，战争真正的原因，尽管不太为人所知，是势力壮大的雅典人，引起了拉刻代蒙人的恐惧，从而迫使他们开战。”(1.23.6) (44)(45)(46)(47)T.E.Wick,T.T.Wick,Megara,Athens,and the West in the Archidamian War:A Study in Thucydides,Historia,Bd.28,H.1,1979.pp.1-2; pp.2-3; pp.3-5; pp.5-8. (48)T.E.Wick,T.T.Wick,Megara,Athens,and the West in the Archidamian War:A Study in Thucydides,Historia,Bd.28,H.1,1979.p.14. (49)(50)(51)(52)(53)Josiah Ober,Thucydides,Pericles,and the Strategy of Defense,in John W.Eadie and Josiah Ober(eds.),The Craft of The Ancient Historian:Essays in Honorof Chester G.Starr,Lanham:University Press of America,1985.p.172; pp.174-175; pp.178-179; p.180; p.183. (54)I.G.Spence,Perikles and the Defence of Attika during the Peloponnesian War,The Journal of Hellenic Studies,Vol.110,1990.p.92. (55)(56)(57)(58)I.G.Spence,Perikles and the Defence of Attikaduring the Peloponnesian War,The Journal of Hellenic Studies,Vol.110,1990.p.93; pp.94-95; p.103; p.106. (59)(60)(61)(62)(63)J.H.Hunter,Pericles’Cavalry Strategy,Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica,New Series,Vol.81,No.3,2005.p.101; p.104; p.105; p.108; p.103. (64)V.D.Hanson,Warfare and Agriculture in Classical Greece,Berkeley:University of California Press,1998.作者在该书前言中说，此书最早的版本发表于1983年，但第二版改动很大。 (65)(66)V.D.Hanson,Warfare and Agriculture in Classical Greece,Berkeley:University of California Press,1998.pp.219-224; pp.176-177. (67)Iain Spence,Book Review,Bryn Mawr Classical Review,1999.06.20. (68)George Cawkwell,Thucydides and the Peloponnesian War,London and New York:Routledge,1997. (69)修昔底德书中有3处提到，伯里克利认为雅典人依照他的战略，将“periesesthai”(1.144.1; 2.13.9; 2.65.7)。这是个将来时不定式，意思含糊，兼有“赢得胜利”(win)和“生存下来”(survive)之义。英国学者布伦特似乎第一个(1965年)注意这个词的涵义，他翻译为“to win through”，后来被很多学者接受。见P.A.Brunt,Studies in Greek History and Thought,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1993.p.88. (70)(71)(72)(73)(74)(75)(76)George Cawkwell,Thucydides and the Peloponnesian War,London and New York:Routledge,1997.p.43; p.43,55; p.44; pp.48-49; p.48; p.49; p.52. (77)(78)George Cawkwell,Thucydides and the Peloponnesian War,London and New York:Routledge,1997.p.54; p.43. (79)“记载”原文是“xynegrapse”(阿提卡方言拼写)，即“synegrapse”“syn—”的基本意思是“伴随”、“与……同时”等。“graphō”的意思是“写”、“记”。它们合起来的意思比宽泛的“写”显然有所不同，即在事件发生之时就写，相当于我们所说的“实录”。 （本文刊于《安徽史学》2017年第4期） (责任编辑：admin) |
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