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城市环境史在美国的缘起及其发展动向(3)

http://www.newdu.com 2017-08-28 《史学理论研究》2010年 高国荣 参加讨论

    城市环境史研究在未来将继续得以深化。就时空范围而言,目前的城市环境史研究还主要局限于工业革命以来西方的一些大都市,而对近代以前、欧美之外的城市还很少涉及。但自城市在世界各地出现以来,人与自然的相互影响就始终存在,它们理应纳入城市环境史研究的范畴。时空范围的延展将使城市环境史的研究内容变得更加丰富。同时,城市环境史研究还需要将城市作为生态系统进一步加以探讨。作为人类栖息地之一,城市生态系统的功能之一便是人类自身的繁衍。人类繁衍受到“营养、疾病、人口流动、战争、凶杀、性行为”等多种因素的影响,它们之间的联系理应成为城市环境史研究的重要议题。城市同时也是许多动物的栖息地,但城市宠物的驯养和管理方面的研究在目前几乎还没有开始,这一议题在未来也值得受到更多的关注。另外,目前环境正义主要关注社会各阶层面临的不同程度的环境风险,但环境不平等在现实社会生活中广泛存在,在历史上也长期存在。对这些问题的关注,有利于拓展环境正义运动的广度与深度,并推动城市环境史研究的发展。
    注释:
    ①DavidA.Johnson,“ForumEnvironmentalHistory:RetrospectandProspect”;SamuelHays,“TowardIntegrationinEnvironmentalHistory”;RichardWhite,“EnvironmentalHistory:WatchingaHistoricalFieldMature”,PacificHistoricalReview,Vol.70,No.1,Feb.2001.
    ②MartinMelosi,“ThePlaceoftheCityinEnvironmentalHistory”,EnvironmentalHistoryReview,Vol.17,No.1(Spring,1993).
    ③ChristineRosen&Joel.Tarr,“TheImportanceofanUrbanPerspectiveinEnvironmentalHistory”,inSpecialIssue“TheEnvironmentandtheCity”,JournalofUrbanHistory,Vol.20(May1994).
    ④SpecialIssue,“TechnologyandEnvironment:TheHistorians‘Challenge”,EnvironmentalHistoryRev/ew,Vol.18,Issue1(Spring1994).
    ⑤JoelA.Tart,“UrbanHistoryandEnvironmentalHistoryintheUnitedStates:ComplementaryandOverlappingFields”,inChristophBernhardt,ed.,EnvironmentalProblemsinEuropeanCitiesofthe19thand20thCentury,NewYork,p.37.
    ⑥HaroldPlatt,“TheEmergenceofUrbanEnvironmentalHistory”,UrbanHistory,Vol.26,No.1(1999),pp.89-95;KathleenBrosnan,“Effluence,AffluenceandtheMaturingofUrbanEnvironmentalHistory”,JournalofUrbanHistory,Vol.31,No.1(Nov.,2004),pp.115-123.
    ⑦AndrewIsenberg,TheNatureofCities:Culture,Landscape,andUrbanSpace,UniversityofRochesterPress,2006.
    ⑧“ForwardbyMartinMelosi”,inJoelA.Tart,TheSearchfortheUltimateSink:UrbanPollutioninHistoricalPerspective,UniversityofAkronPress,1996,p.xxii.
    ⑨MartinMelosi,“ThePlaceoftheCityinEnvironmentalHistory”,EnvironmentalHistoryReview,Vol.17,No.1(Spring,1993),p.2.
    ⑩DonaldWorster,“DoingEnvironmentalHistory”,inDonaldWorster,ed.,TheEndsoftheEarth:PerspectivesonModernEnvironmentalHistory,CambridgeUniversityPress,1989,p.293.
    (11)WilliamCrenon,“ModesofProphecyandProduction”,JournalofAmericanHistory,Vol.76,No.4(March1990),p.1131.
    (12)高国荣:《美国环境史学家唐纳德·沃斯特访谈》,《世界历史》2008年第5期,第128页。
    (13)TedSteinberg,“DowntoEarth:Nature,Agency,andPowerinHistory”,AmericanHistoricalReview107(June2002),p.805.
    (14)AndrewIsenberg,“Introduction:NewDirectionsinUrbanEnvironmentalHistory”,inAndrewIsenberg,TheNatureofCities:Culture,Landscape,andUrbanSpace,p.xii.
    (15)克莱夫·庞廷:《绿色世界史:环境与伟大文明的衰落》,上海人民出版社2002年版,第321页。
    (16)王章辉、黄柯可:《欧美农村劳动力的转移与城市化》,社会科学文献出版社1999年版,第67、81页。
    (17)SamuelHays,“TheRoleofUrbanizationinEnvironmentalHistory”,inSamuelHays,ExplorationsinEnvironmentalHistory,UniversityofPittsburghPress,1998,p.70.
    (18)SamuelHays,“TheRoleofUrbanizationinEnvironmentalHistory”,inSamuelHays,ExplorationsinEnvironmentalHistory,p.85.
    (19)SamuelHays,Beauty,Health,andPermanence:EnvironmentalPoliticsintheUnitedStates,1955-1985,CambridgeUniversityPress,1987,p.26.
    (20)NelsonBlake,WaterfortheCities:AHistoryoftheUrbanWaterSupplyProblemintheUnitedStates,Syracuse,N.Y.,1956;LewisMumford,TheCityinHistory:ItsOrigins,ItsTransformations,anditsProspects,Harcourt,1961;CharlesRosenberg,TheCholeraYears:TheUnitedStatesin1832,1849,and1866,Chicago,1962;IanL.McHarg,DesignwithNature,NewYork,1967;PeterJ.Schmitt,BacktoNature:TheArcadianMythinUrbanAmerica,NewYork,1969;SamWarner,StreetcarSuburbs:TheProcessofGrowthinBoston,1870-1900,Cambridge,1962;EllisArmstrong,etal.,eds.,HistoryofPublicWorksintheUnitedStates,1776-1976,Chicago,1976.
    (21)“ForwardbyMartinMelosi”,“Introduction”,inJoelA.Tart,TheSearchfortheUltimateSink,pp.xxi,xxxi.
    (22)“ForwardbyMartinMelosi”,inJoelA.Tarr,TheSearchfortheUltimateSink,p.xxii.
    (23)“Introduction”,inJoelA.Tarr,TheSearchfortheUltimateSink,pp.xxix,xxxi.
    (24)MartinMelosi,EffluentAmerica:Cities,Industry,Energy,andtheEnvironment,UniversityofPittsburghPress,2001,p.4.
    (25)MartinMelosi,ed.,PollutionandReforminAmericanCities,1870-1930,Austin,Texas,1980;MartinMelosi,ed.,GarbageintheCities:Refuse,Reform,andtheEnvironment,1880-1980,CollegeStation,Texas,1981;MartinMelosi,CopingwithAbundance:EnergyandEnvironmentinIndustrialAmerica,NewYork,1985;MartinMelosi,ThomasEdisonandtheModernizationofAmerica,Boston,1990.
    (26)SamuelP.Hays,“FromtheHistoryoftheCitytotheHistoryoftheUrbanizedSociety”,“TheRoleofUrbanizationinEnvironmentalHistory”,inSamuelHays,ExplorationsinEnvironmentalHistory.
    (27)HaroldL.Platt,CityBuildingintheNewSouth:TheGrowthofPublicServicesinHouston,Texas,1830-1910,Philadelphia,1983;HaroldL.Platt,TheElectricCity:EnergyandtheGrowthoftheChicagoArea,1880-1930,Chicago,1991;ChristineMeisnerRosen,TheLimitsofPower:GreatFiresandtheProcessofCityGrowthinAmerica,NewYork,1986.
    (28)MarkRose,“TechnologyandPolitics:TheScholarshipofTwoGenerationsofUrbanEnvironmentalHistorians”,JournalofUrbanHistory,Vol.30,No.5(July2004),p.770.
    (29)MartinMelosi,EffluentAmerica:Citics,Industry,Energy,andtheEnvironment,p.3;MarkRose,“TechnologyandPolitics:TheScholarshipofTwoGenerationsofUrbanEnvironmentalHistorians”,JournalofUrbanHistory,Vol.30,No.5(July2004),pp.769-770.
    (30)WilliamCronon,Nature’sMetropolis:ChicagoandtheGreatWest,NewYork,1991,pp.xvi-xvii.
    (31)中心地理论(centralplacetheory),是研究城市空间组织和布局最优化的一种城市区位理论。
    (32)这方面的著作还包括:GrayBrechin,ImperialSanFrancisco:UrbanPower,EarthlyRuin,Berkeley,1999;KathleenA.Brosnan,UnifyingMountainandPlain:Cities,Law,andEnvironmentalChangealongtheFrontRange,Albuquerque,2002.
    (33)AndrewIsenberg,“Introduction”,inAndrewIsenberg,NatureoftheCities,p.xiv.
    (34)AndrewHurley,EnvironmentalInequalities:Class,Race,andIndustrialPollutioninGary,Indiana,1945-1980,ChapelHill,NC,1995.
    (35)CraigCohen,TransformingNewOrleansandItsEnvirons:CenturiesofChange,2001;CharMiller,OntheBorder:AnEnvironmentalHistoryofSanAntonia,2001;JoelTarr,DevastationandRenewal:AnEnvironmentalHistoryofPittsburghandItsRegion,2005;MichaelLogan,DesertCities:TheEnvironmentalHistoryofPhoenixandTucson,2006;MartinV.Melosi,JosephA.Pratt,eds.,EnergyMetropolis:AnEnvironmentalHistoryofHoustonandtheGulfCoast,2007;WilliamDeverell,GregHise,LandofSunshine:AnEnvironmentalHistoryofMetropolitanLosAngeles,2006;MikeDavis,EcologyofFear:LosAngelesandtheImaginationofDisaster,1998;JaredOrsi,HazardousMetropolis:FloodingandUrbanEcologyinLosAngeles,2004.
    (36)JoelA.TarrandGabrielDupuy,eds.,TechnologyandtheRiseoftheNetworkedCityinEuropeandAmerica,Philadelphia,1988;HaroldL.Platt,ShockCities:TheEnvironmentalTransformationandReformofManchesterandChicago,Chicago,2005;MichaelLogan,DesertCities:TheEnvironmentalHistoryofPhoenixandTucson,2006;FrankUekoetter,TheAgeofSmoke:EnvironmentalPolicyinGermanyandtheUnitedStates,1880-1970,2009;ChristofMauch,ThomasZeller,RiversinHistory:PerspectivesonWaterwaysinEuropeandNorthAmerica,2008;SarahElkind,BayCitiesandWaterPolitics:TheBattleforResourcesinBostonandOakland,Lawrence,1998.
    (37)AndrewHurley,“Introduction:NewDirectionsinUrbanEnvironmentalHistory”,p.xiv.
    (38)MartinMelosi,EffluentAmerica:Cities,Industry,Energy,andtheEnvironment,p.14.
    (39)JoelA.Tart,TheSearchfortheUltimateSink:UrbanPollutioninHistoricalPerspective,p.xxxix.所谓城市的新陈代谢,是指城市需要从外界输入物质才能生存,这些输入的物质在转化为城市有机体的一部分的过程中,也会产生一些城市废物。
    (40)JaredOrsi,HazardousMetropolis:FloodingandUrbanEcologyinLosAngeles,Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,2004.
    

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