第三,该法案不具有实践性。前面论述过,立法者的立法意图是促进西部大平原区的树木种植,立法者本身的意图是好的,但西部气候干旱,缺乏树木生长的自然环境,即使人工种植树木,也要不断进行灌溉才能保证树木成活成才,而在缺水的西部实施灌溉需要很高的成本,到西部申请免费土地的小农大都贫困,根本没有资金改善灌溉条件,也没有时间和精力去培育树木,这都是导致该法不具备实践性的因素。 注释: ①本项研究得到了中国人民大学985工程第三期专项经费的资助。 ②美国密西西比河以西到落基山脉以东的地区称之为大平原,而大平原南部被称为高平原,这个地区海拔更高,降水更稀少。 ③《1785年两北土地法令》规定美国政府在西部建立行政区划,城镇是基本行政单位。根据该法案,36平方英里为一个镇,每个镇再分为36个区,即一平方英里(640英亩)。 原文参考文献: [1]Elbridge Gale,“Forest Tree Culture”[J].ransactions of the Kansas Horiculture Society,1872. [2]Charles R.Kutzleb,Rain Follows The Plow:The History of An Idea [D].Doctoral dissertation,University of Colorado,1968. [3]The Congressional Globe[Z].42rid Congress,2nd Session,1871-1872,Part V,Washington:F&J Rivers & George A.Bailey,1872. [4]宋云伟.美国自然资源政策史[M].香港:香港社会科学出版社有限公司,2011. [5]Ralph Brown,Historical Geography of the United States[M].New York:Harcourt,Brace and Company,1948. [6]Benjamin H.Hibbard,A History of the Public Policies[M].New York:Macmillan Company,1924. [7]Charles McIntosh,“Use and Abuse of the Timber Culture Act”[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,Vo1 65,Sep 1975. [8]U.S.Statutes at Large[Z].Vol.17,Chap.277,Massachusetts:Boston Little,Brown,and Company,1873. [9]Everett Dick,Conquering the Great American Desert:Nebraska[M].Lincoln:Nebraska State Historical Society,1975. [10]United States Statutes at Large[Z].52nd Congress,Sess.II,Ch.208,Washington:Government Printing Office,1893. [11]General Land Office Report[Z].Washington:Government Printing Office,1921. [12]Addison Sheldon,Land Systems and Land Policies in Nebraska[M].Lincoln:Nebraska State Historical Society,1936. [13]Everett Dick,The Sod-House Frontier,1854-1890:a social history of the northern plains from the creation of Kansas & Nebraska to the admission of the Dakotas[M].Ann Arbor:Johnsen Pub.Co.,1954. [14]E.Stephens,“What Has the Timber Claim Law Done For Nebraska?”[J].Annual Report of the Nebraska State Horticultural Society,Lincoln:Jacob North & Co.,1987. [15]Fred Shannon,The Farmer's Last Frontier:Agriculture,1860-1897[M].New York:Farrar & Rinehart INC.1945.
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