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注释： ①例如: Samuel H Butterfield. U. S. Development Aid-A Historic First: Achievements and Failures in the Twentieth Century. Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 2004; William Robinson. Promoting Polyarchy: Globalization, US Intervention and Hegemony. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996; Tony Smith. America's Mission: The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the Twentieth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994. ②文中论述的地区主要是东亚和东南亚。美国援助南亚的目标和手段都不尽相同，需要另文撰述。 ③有学者认为，这种公共舆论共识开始于1946—1950年。1950—1965年间，仍有70—80％美国人支持这种反共产主义的思潮。Milton J. Rosenberg. “The Decline and Rise of the Cold War Consensus”, The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, March 1981. ④Jack L. Snyder. Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993, p.255; Milton J. Rosenberg. “The Decline and Rise of the Cold War Consensus”. ⑤Kathleen D. McCarthy. “From Cold War to Cultural Development: The International Cultural Activities of the Ford Foundation,1950—1980”,Daedalus 1987,116(1), p. 94. ⑥Memorandum for the Board Assistants, Dec 10,1954. The National Archives II, RG 59, Executive Secretariat, Box 34, American Overseas Education 1954. ⑦H. Rowan Gaither, etc. Report of the Study for the Ford Foundation on Policy and Program. Detroit, Michigan: The Ford Foundation, Nov. 1949, p. 21. ⑧弗朗西丝·桑德斯：《文化冷战与中央情报局》，国际文化出版公司2003年，第4、149、157页。韩铁教授在其论述福特基金会与美国的中国学研究之间关系的博士论文中亦表示：认为美国的中国学研究完全是受官方主导，或受“国家安全体制”的指导，而没有区分福特基金会与美国政府机构，特别是中情局之间的分歧，这样的观点不具有说服力。参见Han Tie.The Ford Foundation and Chinese Studies, 1950—1979,PhD. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1997, p. 6. ⑨Robert Blum. “The Work of The Asia Foundation”,Pacific Affairs, 1956, 29(1) p. 48. ⑩援外事务管理局，成立于1953年8月1日，取代共同安全署和技术合作署，全面负责美国对外经济和技术援助项目的运行、控制和指导工作。1955年5月9日，援外事务管理局被国际合作署(ICA)取代。 (11)Memorandum for the Operations Coordinating Board, Nov 22, 1954. The National Archives II, RG 59, Executive Secretariat, Box34, American Overseas Education 1954. (12)美国官方文件将“教育”界定为一个极其宽泛的概念，其分为正式活动与非正式活动两部分。正式活动由智识机构来实施，包括学校和大学系统、研究中心等，主要元素是教师、课程表、授课材料和教育方法。非正式活动不是在正式的学校框架下进行，但会产生教育影响力，如培训项目、成人教育、军事训练、社区发展项目、人员交流项目、技术援助活动、文化中心、电影及出版项目等。 Coordinated Implementation of Courses of Action to Improve the Effectiveness of American Overseas Education Programs, July25, 1955, Annex A, The National Archives II, RG 59, Executive Secretariat, Box 34, American Overseas Education 1955. (13)Letter from Francis J. Colligan to Stanley Gordon, Enclosure, July 23, 1954. The Ford Foundation, Log File L no. 54－500, The Rockefeller Archive Center (RAC). (14)Letter from Francis J. Colligan to Melvin Fox, March 1, 1954, The Ford Foundation, Log File L no. 54－500, RAC. (15)Outline for a Program in the Field of Arts and International Cultural Representation. The Ford Foundation, Log File L no. 54－500, RAC. (16)Letter from Francis J. Colligan to Melvin Fox, March 1, 1954. (17)Letter from Francis J. Colligan to Stanley Gordon, Enclosure, July 23, 1954. (18)Memorandum for the Board Assistants, Dec 13, 1955, The National Archives II, RG 59, Executive Secretariat, Box 34, American Overseas Education 1955. (19)从“海外教育项目”制定的过程和其后的进展情况来看，它事实上是“行动协调委员会”试图统一美国在教育领域的冷战活动和计划的一种努力。“海外教育项目”为各行政机构的相关活动提供政策指南，并希望能够将类似的活动整合在一起，减少项目的重复和资源的浪费。 (20)Memorandum For Mr. James Lay, Jr. , Executive Secretary, NSC, Aug 6, 1956, CK3100506406, Database: Declassified Documents Reference System (DDRS), Gale Group, Inc. (21)OCB, Memorandum for the Board Assistants, Dec 10, 1954, The National Archives II, RG 59, Executive Secretariat, Box 34, American Overseas Education 1954. (22)Excerpts from NSC Policy Regarding Education, Dec 13, 1955, The National Archives II, RG 59, Executive Secretariat, Box 34, American Overseas Education 1955. (23)Review of the World Situation as it Relates to the Security of the United States, Sep. 26, 1947, CK3100370999, DDRS. (24)U. S. Doctrinal Program, June 29, 1953, CK3100094653, DDRS; CK3100335111, DDRS. (25)Memorandum of Conversation, Aug 5, 1969, CK3100527502, DDRS. (26)Briefing Paper on FY 1979 AID Funding of the Asia Foundation, Aug 3, 1978, CK3100515479, DDRS. (27)Edmund King. “Educational Developments and Research, with Special Reference to Hong Kong by Norman K. Henderson”, British Journal of Educational Studies, 1964, 13(1). (28)United States Congress, House. The U. S. Ideological Effort: Government Agencies and Programs. Jan 8, 1964, Washington D. C. : Government Printing Office, 1964, p. 2. (29)Operations Plan for the Federation of Malaya, June 4, 1958, The National Archives II, RG 59, Box 18, Far East. (30)Robert Blum. “The Work of The Asia Foundation”, p. 50. (31)National Security Council, (NSC 5430, Part 7), Aug 12, 1954, CK3100084242, DDRS. (32)Memorandum for the Board Assistants, Dec 10, 1954. The National Archives II, RG 59, Executive Secretariat, Box 34, American Overseas Education 1954. (33)Conclusions and Recommendations of the President's Committee on Information Activities Abroad, 6th Draft, Dec 5, 1960, Kennedy Library, Papers of James C. Thomson, Jr. , Box 7, Chester Bowles. (34)Letter from Francis J. Colligan to Stanley Gordon, Enclosure, July 23, 1954. (35)Letter from Francis J. Colligan to Stanley Gordon, July 23, 1954, The Ford Foundation, Log File L no. 54-500, RAC. (36)Letter from Francis J. Colligan to Stanley Gordon, Enclosure, July 23, 1954. (37)Memorandum for the Executive Office-OCB, Jan 25, 1954, Eisenhower Library, White House Office, NSC Staff Papers, 1948－1961, OCB Central Files, Box 70, OCB 091.4. (38)Memorandum for the Record, Jan 20, 1954, Eisenhower Library, OCB Central Files, Box 70, OCB 091.4. (39)Expanded Exchange of Persons Program in the Far East, June 25, 1954, Eisenhower Library, OCB Central Files, Box 70, OCB 091.4. (40)Remarks by Dr. Otto E. Guthe of the CIA at the Asian Studies Conference, Indiana University, Nov. 12, 1959, CIA-RDP75-00001R000300250012-5, Database: the CIA Records Search Tool. (41)Memorandum for the Board Assistants, Attachment A, Dec 13, 1955, The National Archives II, RG 59, Executive Secretariat, Box34, American Overseas Education 1955. (42)Basic ICA Policy on University Contracts, The National Archives II, RG 59, OCB, Box 37, Baylor Univ. Proposal. (43)Foundation Supported Activities Relating to China, July 22, 1960, Ford Foundation, Log File L no. 60-1537, RAC. (44)Address and Remarks at the Baylor University Commencement Ceremonies, Waco, Texas, May 25, 1956, in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1956, U. S. Government Printing Office, 1958, pp. 533～535. (45)From E. Allan Lightner, Jr. to the Under Secretary, June 6, 1956; OCB, Progress Report on Activities of the OCB Inter-Agency Committee on the President's Baylor Proposals, July 17, 1957, The National Archives II, RG 59, OCB, Box 37, Baylor Univ Proposal. (46)Department of State, Analysis of How to Prevent, or Counteract the Ill-effects of, the Migration of Chinese Students in Southeast Asia to Communist China, CK3100332349; Memorandum to Members of Working Groups on NSC 146/2 and NSC 5405, Dec 16,1954, CK3100052401, DDRS. (47)Memorandum for the Chairman, OCB, undated, CK3100162521, DDRS. (48)Grace Ai-Ling Chou. “Cultural Education as Containment of Communism; The Ambivalent Position of American NGOs in Hong Kong in the 1950s”, Journal of Cold War Studies, 2010, 12(2), pp. 7～8; John F. Cramer. “The Chinese Colleges in Hong Kong”, Comparative Education Review 1959, 3(1), p. 27. (49)Paper regarding U. S. policy toward Hong Kong, undated, CK3100473459, DDRS. (50)请参见马来西亚学者王琛发的文章《马来西亚冷战阴影下的风雨声、读书声与罢课声——1950年代华校学生运动在历史上的定位及影响》；香港学者郑树森教授所作《香港的文学旅途》演讲(载http：//sociology.ntu.edu.tw/～hsc/classics/data/programme2000/course/000710-2. html)。 (51)Doc 190. Report Prepared by the National Security Council, Aug 31, 1955, Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS) 1955－1957, Vol IX. (52)OCB, Memorandum for the Board Assistants, Dec 10, 1954, The National Archives II, RG 59, Executive Secretariat, Box 34, American Overseas Education 1954. (53)成立于1919年，国际教育协会是一个致力于国际人员和思想交流的非政府组织，但其与美国政府、基金会及其它私人资助机构有密切的合作关系。 (54)OCB, Government Interest in Foreign Students in the US in Non-Government Programs, March 18, 1959, Eisenhower Library, OCB Series, Subject Subseries, Box 1. (55)Remarks by Dr. Otto E. Guthe of the CIA at the Asian Studies Conference, Nov. 12, 1959. (56)OCB, Progress Report on Activities of the OCB Inter-Agency Committee on the President's Baylor Proposals. (57)Doc 370. Airgram From the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State, Sep 23, 1959, FRUS 1958－1960, Vol XV. (58)Department of State. Report on U. S. Government Programs toward the Goal of Making English the General Common Vehicle of Communication, undated, CK3100061359, DDRS. (59)Report on U. S. Government Programs toward the Goal of Making English the General Common Vehicle of Communication. (60)Letter from Francis J. Colligan to Stanley Gordon, Enclosure, July 23, 1954. (61)Briefing Paper on FY 1979 AID Funding of the Asia Foundation, Aug 3, 1978, CK3100515479, DDRS. (62)USIA, United States Doctrinal Program, Jan 20, 1954, The National Archives II, RG 59, Executive Secretariat, Box 36, Doctrinal Program. (63)Frances S Saunders. “Modern Art Was CIA's Weapon”, The Independent, 1995-10-22. (64)Extract From a “Report on International Information Administration－1952”, Dec. 31, 1952, FRUS 1952－1954, Vol. II, pp. 1643～1644. (65)Memorandum for the Board Assistants, Dec 13, 1955, The National Archives II, RG 59, Executive Secretariat, Box 34, American Overseas Education 1955. (66)From Alvin Roseman, Director of Public Services to Mr. John B. Hollister, D/ICA, June 6, 1956. (67)Basic ICA Policy on University Contracts. (68)Giles Scott-Smith. Networks of Empire: The US State Department's Foreign Leader Program in the Netherlands, France and Britain 1950－1970. Brussels: Peter Lang, 2008, p. 85. (69)亚洲基金会从1954年起主要由中央情报局进行资助，1967年开始接受国务院和国际开发署(AID)的资金。从1954年到1978年，亚洲基金会从美国政府得到的资金大约为1.58亿美元。详见Briefing Paper on FY 1979 AID Funding of the Asia Foundation, Aug 3, 1978, CK3100515479, DDRS. (70)Paul S. Bederman. International Cooperation in Higher Education. The National Archives II, RG 59, OCB, Box 37, Baylor Univ. Proposal. (责任编辑：admin) |