①罗伯特·福西耶:《剑桥插图中世纪史,1250-1520》,李桂芝等译,济南:山东画报出版社,2009年,第271、270页。 ②布莱恩·蒂尔尼等:《西欧中世纪史》(第六版),袁传伟译,北京:北京大学出版社,2011年,第579页;A.A.Vasiliev,History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,Madison:The University of Wisconsin Press,1958,II,p.648. ③可供参考的书非常多,但论及于此,作者几乎无一例外地采用莱奥纳多的说法,笔者因此认为他的态度具有普遍性。Edward Gibbon,The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,London:George Bell and Sons,1889,VII.Geory Ostrogorsky,Byzantinische Geschichte,324-1453,Munchen:Verlag C.H.Beck OHG,1996;奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占廷帝国》,陈志强译,西宁:青海人民出版社,2006年;John J.Norwich,A Short History of Byzantium New York:A Division of Random House,Inc.,1997; L.Brehier,The Life and Death of Byzantium,trans.Margaret Vaughan,Amsterdam:North-Holland Publishing Company,1977; S.Runceman,The Fall of Constantinople,1453,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1965; John Freely,Istanbul,the Imperial City,London:Peuguin Books Ltd.,1996; W.Treadgold,A History of the Byzantine State and Society,Califonia:Stanford University Press,1997; M.C.Bartusis,The Late Byzantine Army,Arms and Society,1204-1453,Philadelfhia:University of Pennsylvania,1997; A.A.Vasiliev,History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,Madison:The University of Wisconsin Press,1958; Donald M.Nicol,The Immortal Emperor:The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos,Last Emperor of the Romans,Cambridge,Eng.:Cambridge University Press,1992; The Last Centuries of Byzantium,1972. ④见根据Vatican ms.Lat.4137号档案整理出来的J.P.Migne,Patrologia Graeca 159,cols 923~943,以及意大利文版本F.Sansovino,Historia Universale dell'Origine et Imperio de Turchi,Book III,pp.304~313.,col.927.转引自The Siege of Constantinople 1453:Seven Contemporary Accounts,trans,by J.R.Melville Jones,Amsterdam:Adolf M.Hakkert Publisher,1972,pp.13、26、30、12. ⑤George Sphrantzes,The Fall of the Byzantine Empire,A Chronicle by G.Sphrantzes,1401-1477,Amherst:The University of Massachusetts Press,p.121. ⑥The Siege of Constantinople 1453:Seven Contemporary Accounts,pp.13、19、25. ⑦Doukas's Decline and Fall of Byzantium to the Ottoman Turks,an annotated translation of “Historia Turco-Byzantina” by Harry J.Magoulias,Wayne State University,Detroit:Wayne State University Press,1975,XXXVIII,3-4,pp.207、208、209、210. ⑧The Siege of Constantinople 1453:Seven Contemporary Accounts,pp.29、26. ⑨George Sphrantzes,The Fall of the Byzantine Empire,A Chronicle by G.Sphrantzes,1401-1477,p.124. (10)George Sphrantzes,The Fall of the Byzantine Empire,A Chronicle by G.Sphrantzes,1401-1477,pp.99、103. (11)The Siege of Constantinople 1453:Seven Contemporary Accounts,p.25. (12)The Siege of Constantinople 1453:Seven Contemporary Accounts,pp.26、29、31.前引斯弗兰奇斯对比了攻守双方的情况后,惊叹土耳其人备战水平之高。George Sphrantzes,The Fall of the Byzantine Empire,A Chronicle by G.Sphrantzes,1401-1477,p.105. (13)Nicolo Barbaro,Diary of the Siege of Constantinople,1453,trans.by J.R.Jones,New York:Exposition Press,1969,pp.32、45. (14)The Siege of Constantinople 1453:Seven Contemporary Accounts,pp.30、16、29. (15)The Siege of Constantinople 1453:Seven Contemporary Accounts,pp.28、35、27、28、29、29、30、38. (16)The Siege of Constantinople 1453:Seven Contemporary Accounts,pp.13、19、21、25. (17)Nicolo Barbaro,Diary of the Siege of Constantinople,1453,pp.57、55、50. (18)The Siege of Constantinople 1453:Seven Contemporary Accounts,pp.30、23.杜卡斯和巴尔巴洛也生动记载了守军中不断扩大的恐慌,后者还描述了民众中谣言盛行,预言灾难降临的情况。 (19)George Sphrantzes,The Fall of the Byzantine Empire,A Chronicle by G.Sphrantzes,1401-1477,pp.118、115. (20)The Siege of Constantinople 1453:Seven Contemporary Accounts,p.30. (21)George Sphrantzes,The Fall of the Byzantine Empire,A Chronicle by G.Sphrantzes,1401-1477,pp.103、114. (22)希腊史家劳尼库斯·哈利科空迪拉斯生动地描述了守军发生大溃退的场面,“许多希腊人立即向港湾方向逃跑,朝着威尼斯和热那亚船只上拥挤……大批人混乱地涌上小船,当小船沉没时他们也都淹死了……其他希腊人有些在城里四处乱窜……希腊人的领袖们和那些尚在伯罗奔尼撒半岛的人都被这场灾难吓坏了,纷纷出海逃难”。有一种说法,末代皇帝也是死于大溃逃时的踩踏事件。The Siege of Constantinople 1453:Seven Contemporary Accounts,pp.50、51、53. (本文刊于《历史教学》2016年第10期) (责任编辑:admin) |