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五、结语 在1914-1918年的大战中，日本同英国的海军合作对于英国能集中力量在欧洲战场上同德国作战具有重要意义。战前英国部署在远东和太平洋地区的海军力量就已十分薄弱，战争爆发后英国更加无暇东顾，保卫英国远东和太平洋领地安全的责任在很大程度上落在了日本头上。(45)另一方面，日本也积极利用英、法、美、荷等殖民强国忙于欧洲作战的天赐良机在太平洋地区扩张，建立属于日本的“太平洋帝国”。在第一次世界大战中，日本海军不仅出现在地中海，还出现在了下加利福尼亚海岸，这是日本首次被确认的在西半球的海军存在。(46)日本通过在一战中的贡献进一步巩固了在东亚水域的海上优势地位，进而显著提高了对远东事务的话语权。(47) 不过，英国也始终保持了对日本的这种机会主义立场与扩张主义势头的强烈警惕。一战之后，包括英国前驻华公使朱尔典、前驻日大使格林等在内的一批资深外交官均反对续签英日同盟条约，原因也在于日本虽然在战时保护英国在远东利益、反潜护航等方面做出了贡献，但它在战争中所暴露出来的对中国和对俄国远东地区的扩张野心、甚嚣尘上的泛亚洲主义思潮，以及日本拒绝交出其所庇佑的印度革命者与在马来亚和印度安插大批日本宣传分子等行为，都让英国日益怀疑日本的长远目的。更重要的是，随着德国的战败和沙皇俄国的崩溃，日本成为唯一有能力在远东威胁英国利益的强国。所有这些都大大削弱了英日同盟存在的基础，也使得战时短暂的英日海军合作结下的友谊迅速让位于现实的政治考量，日本很快由英国倚重的盟友转变为潜在的棘手敌人。(48)格林用“摇摆不定”、“不真诚”、“傲慢”、“精于算计”、“自私”等贬义词形容战时日本的对外政策，(49)进一步说明了英国对日本扩张势头愈益明显的质疑和警惕。 一战结束后，如何遏制日本借战争之机形成的远东优势地位，特别是在华独大势头，成为英国不得不认真思考的问题。战后形成的英美日海军竞赛局面，尤其是日本坚定地推行“八八舰队”计划，构成了英国重振其远东海上帝国战略的一大威胁。在1921年的华盛顿会议上，英日同盟正式终结，而英国在一战后出台的“新加坡战略”也是着眼于未来可能的英日之战。英国与日本迅速由盟友转变为敌人，既同战后远东政治格局的大变动有关，也与英日国力的消长密不可分。战争对英国造成的重创使其无力在远东保持强势，唯有继续借助外力才能在下一场战争中保护其利益，而这一外力从日本转变为美国的趋势越来越明显；而前者则取代此前的俄国和德国，逐步成为英国在远东新的敌人。 注释： ①"Royal Navy Deployment on Foreign Stations,1914",http://www.gwpda.org/naval/fdrn0002.htm，登录日期：2017年2月11日。 ②"Japan in the Great War:Diplomacy & Internal Politics",http://www.gwpda.org/naval/tsingtao.htm，登录日期：2017年2月11日。 ③Arthur W.Jose,The Royal Australian Navy,1914-1918,Sydney:Augus and Robertson Ltd.,1941,pp.540-542. ④W.Macneile Dixon,The British Navy at War,Boston and New York:Houghton Mifflin Company,1917,pp.15-16. ⑤"Japan in the Great War:Diplomacy & Internal Polities",http://www.gwpda.org/naval/tsingtao.htm，登录日期：2017年2月11日。 ⑥Francis J.Reynolds,The Story of the Great War,Volume IV,New York:P.F.Collier&Son,1916,p.1184. ⑦"Australia and New Zealand",HC Deb 15 July 1914 vol.64 cc 1894-5http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1914/jul/15/australia-and-new-zealand#S5CV0064P0_19140715_HOC_57，登录时间：2017年3月9日。 ⑧"Sir Edward Grey to Sir C.Greene(Tokyo),Foreign Office,August 1,1914",G.P.Gooch and Harold Temperley,ed.,British Documents on the Origins of the War,1898-1914,Vol.XI,London:His Majesty's Stationery Office,1926,p.256. ⑨"Sir C.Greene to Sir Edward Grey,Tokyo,August 2,1914",G.P.Gooch and Harold Temperley,ed.,British Documents on the Origins of the War,1898-1914,Vol.XI,London:His Majesty's Stationery Office,1926,p.279. ⑩"Sir Edward Grey to Sir C.Greene(Tokyo),Foreign Office,August 3,1914",G.P.Gooch and Harold Temperley,ed.,British Documents on the Origins of the War,1898-1914,Vol.XI,London:His Majesty's Stationery Office,1926,p.298. (11)"Sir C.Greene to Sir Edward Grey,Tokyo,August 3,1914",G.P.Gooch and Harold Temperley,ed.,British Documents on the Origins of the War,1898-1914,Vol.XI,London:His Majesty's Stationery Office,1926,p.305. (12)"Sir Edward Grey to Sir C.Greene(Tokyo),Foreign Office,August 4,1914",G.P.Gooch and Harold Temperley,ed.,British Documents on the Origins of the War,1898-1914,Vol.XI,London:His Majesty's Stationery Office,1926,p.329. (13)J.Charles Schencking,"Navalism,naval expansion and war:The Anglo-Japanese Alliance and the Japanese Navy",in Phillips Payson O'Brien,ed.,The Anglo-Japanese Alliance,1902-1922,London:Routledge,2013,p.129. (14)Arthur W.Jose,The Royal Australian Navy,1914-1918,Sydney:Augus and Robertson Ltd.,1941,p.129. (15)Francis J.Reynolds,The Story of the Great War,Volume IV,New York:P.F.Collier&Son,1916,p.1189. (16)Arthur W.Jose,The Royal Australian Navy,1914-1918,Sydney:Augus and Robertson Ltd.,1941,p.21. (17)Timothy D.Saxon,"Anglo-Japanese Naval Cooperation,1914-1918",Naval War College Review,Winter,2000,Vol.LIII,No.1,p.6. (18)"15 August 1914 The Japanese Ultimatum to Germany",http://www.gwpda.org/1914/japanult.html，登录日期：2017年2月13日；Timothy D.Saxon,"Anglo-Japanese Naval Cooperation,1914-1918",Naval War College Review,Winter,2000,Vol.LIII,No.1,p.5. (19)"The protected cruiser SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth in defence of Tsingtao,in the Year of 1914",http://www.mateinfo.hu/irasok/a-navy-csingtao.htm，登录日期：2017年2月14日。 (20)Arthur W.Jose,The Royal Australian Navy,1914-1918,Sydney:Augus and Robertson Ltd.,1941,p.24. (21)Charles Stephenson,Germany's Asia-Pacific Empire:Colonialism and Naval Policy,1885-1914,Woodbridge:The Boydell Press,2009,p.137. (22)"The protected cruiser SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth in defence of Tsingtao,in the Year of 1914",http://www.mateinfo.hu/irasok/a-navy-csingtao.htm，登录日期：2017年2月14日。 (23)Sir Julian Corbett,History of the Great War:Naval Operations,Vol.I,London:Longman Green and Co.,1920,p.140. (24)John Buchan,A History of the Great War,Volume II,Boston and New York:Houghton Mifflin Company,1922,p.414. (25)"Wakamiya Maru off Tsingtao:September 1914",http://www.gwpda.org/naval/wtsing.htm，登录日期：2017年2月13日。 (26)John Buchan,A History of the Great War,Volume II,Boston and New York:Houghton Mifflin Company,1922,p.416. (27)Timothy D.Saxon,"Anglo-Japanese Naval Cooperation,1914-1918",Naval War College Review,Winter,2000,Vol.LIII,No.1,p.6. (28)Francis J.Reynolds,The Story of the Great War,Volume IV,New York:P.F.Collier&Son,1916,p.1201. (29)"Japan in the Great War:Diplomacy & Internal Politics",http://www.gwpda.org/naval/tsingtao.htm，登录日期：2017年2月11日。 (30)John Buchan,A History of the Great War,Volume II,Boston and New York:Houghton Mifflin Company,1922,pp.416-417; Francis J.Reynolds,The Story of the Great War,Volume IV,New York:P.F.Collier&Son,1916,pp.1200-1202. (31)"Battles in the Pacific and Atlantic",in Great Britain Admiralty,Official Naval Dispatches:The Admiralty's Reports of the Battle of the Bight,Destruction of German East Asiatic Squadron,Sinking of the Emden,and other Work of the Navy in the War,London:The Graphic,1914,p.45. (32)Francis J.Reynolds,The Story of the Great War,Volume IV,New York:P.F.Collier&Son,1916,pp.1204-1205. (33)Arthur W.Jose,The Royal Australian Navy,1914-1918,Sydney:Augus and Robertson Ltd.,1941,pp.340-341. (34)Arthur W.Jose,The Royal Australian Navy,1914-1918,Sydney:Augus and Robertson Ltd.,1941,p.208; C.L.Mowat,ed.,The New Cambridge Modern History,Volume XII,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1968,p.178. (35)"Royal Assent",HC Deb 27 November 1914 vol 68 cc1600-16,http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1914/nov/27/royal-assent#SSCV0068P0_19141127_HOC_222，登录日期：2017年3月9日。 (36)Timothy D.Saxon,"Anglo-Japanese Naval Cooperation,1914-1918",Naval War College Review,Winter,2000,Vol.LIII,No.1,pp.10-11. (37)Timothy D.Saxon,"Anglo-Japanese Naval Cooperation,1914-1918",Naval War College Review,Winter,2000,Vol.LIII,No.1,p.9. (38)Admiral of the fleet Viscount Jellicoe of Scapa,The Crisis of the Naval War,New York:George H.Doran Company,1920,p.109. (39)Kyle Mizokami,"Japan's baptism of fire:World War I put country on a collision course with West",Japan Times,July 26,2014. (40)Henry Newbolt,History of the Great War:Naval Operations,Vol.IV,London:Longmans Green and Co.,1928,pp.295-296. (41)Admiral of the fleet Viscount Jellicoe of Scapa,The Crisis of the Naval War,New York:George H.Doran Company,1920,p.149. (42)Timothy D.Saxon,"Anglo-Japanese Naval Cooperation,1914-1918",Naval War College Review,Winter,2000,Vol.LIII,No.1,pp.12-13. (43)[日]外山三郎：《日本海军史》，龚建国、方希和译，解放军出版社1988年版，第81-82页；Timothy D.Saxon,"Anglo-Japanese Naval Cooperation,1914-1918",Naval War College Review,Winter,2000,Vol.LIII,No.1,pp.13-15. (44)David C.Evans and Mark R.Peattie,Kaigun:Strategy,Tactics,and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy,1887-1941,Annapolis,Md:Naval Institute Press,2012,p.169. (45)J.Charles Schencking,"Navalism,naval expansion and war:The Anglo-Japanese Alliance and the Japanese Navy",in Phillips Payson O'Brien,ed.,The Anglo-Japanese Alliance,1902-1922,London:Routledge,2013,p.131. (46)Lisle A.Rose,Power at Sea,Volume 1:The Age of Navalism,1890-1918,Columbia:University of Missouri Press,2007,p.289. (47)C.C.Gill,Naval Power in the War(1914-1918),New York:George H.Doran Company,1918,p.14. (48)Antony Best,"The 'Ghost' of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance:An Examination into Historical Myth-Making",The Historical Journal,Vol.49,No.3(Sep.,2006),pp.815-816. (49)Conynham Greene,"Note on Japan's Foreign Policy Beating on the Anglo-Japanese Alliance",Sept.11,1920,FO 410/68,quoted in Ira Klein,"Whitehall,Washington,and the Anglo-Japanese Alliance,1919-1921",Pacific Historical Review,Vol.41,No.4(Nov.,1972),p.470. (责任编辑：admin) |