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三、结语 从种族关系史的角度, 揭示启蒙时代的缺陷, 并非为了贬低洛克与康德, 而是一种提醒:如果他们都不能在思想上超越时代, 我们是否更应反思自己。人性的幽暗常令人关闭良善而不自觉, 优越感的驱动亦常令人践踏了他人的权利而不觉愧疚。当历史向我们演示, 启蒙时代并非神话, 近代西方自由主义与平等主义的倡导者也不能摆脱种族主义的捆绑时, 我们是否应有所察觉:种族间正义的缺失在西方由来已久, 甚至到了20世纪, 西方伦理学正义论中的主题中, 也很少有“种族”的位置。设若无此认知, 我们恐怕很难深切地理解:何以种族主义在启蒙时代、在平等意识深入人心的时代反而充分发展起来;何以在现代社会, 种族主义依然四处隐伏, 甚至公然叫嚣。 注释 1. 20世纪90年代末以来, 西方种族主义研究达到了前所未有的深度:用哲学的武器, 譬如康德的绝对命令, 而不仅仅是人类学、社会学与历史学的批判, 清理西方种族主义传统, 尤其注重从近代西方社会契约论的言外之意发掘种族主义的思想根源。其代表性的理论成果, 是“种族契约”概念的提出 (Charles W.Mills, Racial Contract, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999) 。所谓“种族契约”, 其实质是一个种族 (白人) 对另一个种族 (非白人) 的统治契约。它通过一种压迫性的观念——白人至上主义, 支配多种族国家的政体与社会构成、社会伦理以及公众心理。这方面研究, 还可参见Charles W.Mills, Blackness Visible: Essays on Philosophy and Race, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998; David Brion Davis, Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006; Carol Pateman and Charles W.Mills, Contract and Domination, Cambridge: Polity Press, 2007; Charles W.Mills, Black Rights, White Wrongs:The Critique of Racial Liberalism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.感谢《世界民族》编辑部老师和外审专家的修改意见, 作者文责自负。 2. Charles W.Mills, Racial Contract, pp.11-24. 3. [美]乔治·萨拜因著, 邓正来译:《政治学说史》 (下卷) , 世纪出版集团, 2008年, 第225页。 4. Carl Becker, Declaration of Independence: A Study in the History of Political Ideas, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1922, p.27. 5. Peter Laslett (ed.) , Two Treatises of Government, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988[1960], pp.387-393, 283-285. 6. 自然状态通常不被认为是一种历史存在, 而被当作论证中的假设, 然而洛克显然常以美洲社会作为他描述自然状态的一个模板。参见Barbara Arneil, John Locke and America: The Defense of English Colonialism, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996, pp.2-3. 7. John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, London: Penguin Classic, 1998, p.815. 8. Wayne Glauser, “Three Approaches to Locke and the Slave Trade”, Journal of the History of Ideas, vol.51, no.2 (Apr.-Jun.1990) , p.213. 9. Mark Goldie (ed.) , Locke Political Essays, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp.179-180, 180. 10. William Uzgalis, in“An Inconsistency not to be Excused: On Locke and Racism”, Julie Ward and Tommy Lott (ed.) , Philosophers on Race: Critical Essays, p.98. 11. David Armitage, “John Locke, Carolina, and the ‘Two Treatises of Government’”, Political Theory, vol.32, no.5 (Oct., 2004) , p.609. 12. Complete Works of John Locke, Electronic Version, Hastings: Delphi Classics, 2017, p.3204. 13. 洛克卸任此职的时间, 不同材料略有出入。据剑桥版《洛克政治著作选》, 洛克于1764年结束任职[见Mark Goldie (ed.) , Locke Political Essays, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p.xxiv.];然而依据莫里斯·克兰斯顿在其《洛克传》中的说法, 洛克直到1676年方不再担任此职 (见Maurice Cranston, John Locke: A Biography, Oxford: Cambridge University Press, 1985, p.155. ) 14. Barbara Arneil, John Locke and America:The Defense of English Colonialism, p.88. 15. Wayne Glauser, “Three Approaches to Locke and the Slave Trade”, Journal of the History of Ideas, vol.51, no.2 (Apr.-Jun.1990) , p.204. 16. James Farr, “‘So Vile and Miserable an Estate’:The Problem of Slavery in Locke’s Political Thought ”, Political Theory, vol.14, no.2 (May, 1986) , p.269. 17. Hugh Thomas, The Slave Trade: The History of the Atlantic Slave Trade1440-1870, Picador: Simon and Shuster Inc., 1997, p.201;Maurice Cranston, John Locke:A Biography, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1957, p.115.不少学者在谈到洛克涉足奴隶贸易时仅提到皇家非洲公司, 实则洛克早在1663年就曾向其前身——皇家冒险者非洲贸易公司——投资, 只是后者经营不善, 负债累累, 直到1672年被重组为皇家非洲公司。 18. Hugh Thomas, The Slave Trade:The History of the Atlantic Slave Trade1440-1870, pp.202-203, 202. 19. James Farr, “‘So Vile and Miserable an Estate’: The Problem of Slavery in Locke’s Political Thought”, Political Theory, vol.14, no.2 (May, 1986) , p.276. 20. Complete Works of John Locke, Electronic Version, Hastings: Delphi Classics, 2017, pp.2450-2453. 21. Barbara Arneil, John Locke and America: The Defense of English Colonialism, p.126. 22. Bruce G.Trigger and Wilcomb E.Washburn (ed.) , The Cambridge History of Native Peoples of Americas vol.I: North America, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008, p.xvi. 23. Peter Laslett (ed.) , Two Treatises of Government, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988, 1960, p.339. 24. John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, pp.59-60, 99-100. 25. Neal Wood, The Politics of Locke’s Philosophy, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983, pp.81-82. 26. Peter Laslett (ed.) , Two Treatises of Government, pp.304-309, 309. 27. Barbara Arneil, John Locke and America: The Defense of English Colonialism, p.85. 28. Léon Poliakov, The Aryan Myth:A History of Racist and Nationalist Ideas in Europe, Edmond Howard: University of Chicago Press, 1975, pp.145-150; Harry M.Bracken, “Essence, Accident and Race”, Hermathena, no.116, (Win., 1973) , p.93; Kathy Squadrito, “Locke and the Dispossession of the American Indian”, Julie Ward and Tommy Lott (ed.) , Philosophers on Race: Critical Essays, p.119. 29. James Farr, “‘So Vile and Miserable an Estate’:The Problem of Slavery in Locke’s Political Thought ” , Political Theory, vol.14, no.2 (May, 1986) , pp.277-278. 30. William Uzgalis, “An Inconsistency not to be Excused: On Locke and Racism”, Julie Ward and Tommy Lott (ed.) , Philosophers on Race: Critical Essays, p.97. 31. John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, p.433. 32. Complete Works of John Locke, p.681. 33. John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke: An Historical Account of the Argument of the “Two Treatises of Government”, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969, p.5. 34. James Farr, “‘So Vile and Miserable an Estate’:The Problem of Slavery in Locke’s Political Thought”, Political Theory, vol.14, no.2 (May, 1986) , p.281. 35. Gonter Coller and Robert Louden (ed.) , The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant in Translation on Anthropology, History, and Education, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007, p.17. 36. Immanuel Kant, “Of the Different Races of Human Beings”, Gonter Coller and Robert Louden (ed.) , The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant in Translation on Anthropology, History, and Education, p.97. 37. Eric Watkins (ed.) , The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant in Translation on Natural Science, Cambrige: Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp.576-577. 38. Gonter Coller and Robert Louden (ed.) , The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant in Translation on Anthropology, History, and Education, p.211. 39. 林奈将智人划分为欧洲白种人、亚洲黄种人、非洲黑种人、美洲红种人等。 40. 孟德斯鸠著, 张雁深译:《论法的精神》, 商务印书馆, 2002年, 第244—246页。 41. Allen Wood and Robert Louden (ed.) , The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant in Translation on Lectures on Anthropology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp.320-321. 42. Robert Louden, Kant’s Human Being: Essays on his Theory of Human Nature, Oxford University Press, 2011, p.133. 43. Gonter Coller and Robert Louden (ed.) , The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant in Translation on Anthropology, History, and Education, p.85, 154. 44. Gonter Coller and Robert Louden (ed.) , The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant in Translation on Anthropology, History, and Education, p.146. 45. Georg Forster, “Something more about Human Race”, in Kant and the Concept of Race, New York: State University of New York Press, 2013, p.153. 46. Gonter Coller and Robert Louden (ed.) , The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant in Translation on Anthropology, History, and Education, pp.199-201. 47. Charles W.Mills, Racial Contract, p.70. 48. Allen Wood and Robert Louden (ed.) , The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant in Translation on Lectures on Anthropology, pp.319-320; Gonter Coller and Robert Louden (ed.) , The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant in Translation on Anthropology, History, and Education, pp.84-85. 49. Pauline Kleingeld, “Kant’s Second Thoughts on Race”, The Philosophical Quarterly (1950-) , vol.57, no.229 (Oct., 2007) , p.576. 50. Julie Ward and Tommy Lott (eds.) , Philosophers on Race: Critical Essays, p.155; Gonter Coller and Robert Louden (ed.) , The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant in Translation on Anthropology, History, and Education, p.415. 51. Julie Ward and Tommy Lott (eds.) , Philosophers on Race:Critical Essays, p.162. 52. 康德著, 何兆武译:《历史理性批判文集》, 商务印书馆, 1997年, 第66页;康德著, 李秋零译:《康德全集》第4卷, 中国人民大学出版社, 2017年, 第441页。 53. Allen Wood, “General Introduction”, in Mary Gregor (ed.) , Immanuel Kant: Practical Philosophy, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p.xvii. 54. Pauline Kleingeld, “Kant’s Second Thoughts on Race”, The Philosophical Quarterly (1950-) , vol.57, no.229 (Oct., 2007) , p.573; Sanger Muthu, Enlightenment against Empire, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003, p.184. 持相似观点的还有Peter Fenves (参见Peter Fenves, Late Kant, London: Routledge, 2003, pp.103-105. 55. Pauline Kleingeld, “Kant’s Second Thoughts on Race”, The Philosophical Quarterly (1950-) , vol.57, no.229 (Oct., 2007) , pp.586-587. 56. 《杰斐逊政治著作选》 (英文影印版) , 中国政法大学出版社, 2003年, 第480页。 57. Eric Metaxas, Amazing Grace: William Wilberforce and the Heroic Campaign to End Slavery, New York: Harper San Francisco, 2007, p.153. 58. Georg Forster, “Something more about Human Race”, in Kant and the Concept of Race, pp.165-166. 59. Stuart Elden and Eduardo Mendieta, Reading Kant’s Geogrophy, Albany: State University of New York Press, 2011, p.300. 60. Stuart Elden and Eduardo Mendieta, Reading Kant’s Geogrophy, p.302. 61. Robert Louden, Kant’s Human Being: Essays on His Theory of Human Nature, p.133. 62. Charles Mills, Black Rights, White Wrongs:The Critique of Racial Liberalism, pp.91-93. 63. 康德著, 何兆武译:《历史理性批判文集》, 第22—25页。 64. [美]曼弗德雷·库恩著, 黄添盛译:《康德传》, 世纪出版集团, 2008年, 第167、473页。 (责任编辑：admin) |