|
注释： ①国内学界已有相关研究多是从大众传播、文学或话语分析的角度展开，史学研究并不充分。国外学术界的研究成果较多，但倾向于关注冷战对美国女性主义和女性组织的影响。从跨国视角来研究冷战和亚洲女性之间关联的著述亦不多见，并且最新公布的档案文献未能充分整合进去。此外，国外学术研究的一个趋势是开始探讨“冷战范式”在研究社会主义阵营女性组织和女性运动中的不足和弊端，对发展中地区的关注仍旧不足。已有研究成果可参见，Helen Laville,Cold War Women:The International Activities of American Women’s Organisations,Manchester:Manchester University Press,2002; Helen Laville and Hugh Wilford,eds.,The US Government,Citizen Groups and the Cold War:The State-Private Network,London and New York:Routledge,2006; F.de Haan,“Continuing Cold War Paradigms in Western Historiography of Transnational Women’s Organizations:The Case of the Women’s International Democratic Federation,” Women’s History Review,Vol.19,No.4,2010;王玲珍：《中国社会主义女性主义实践再思考——兼论美国冷战思潮、自由/本质女性主义对社会主义妇女研究的持续影响》，王玲珍、肖画译，《妇女研究论丛》2015年第3期。 ②关于“冷战共识”(Cold War Consensus)，有学者研究认为，1950-1965年间，70％至80％的美国人有反共产主义的思想倾向，并在总体上支持行政机构反击共产主义的各种“国家安全努力”。Milton J.Rosenberg,“The Decline and Rise of the Cold War Consensus,” The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,Vol.37,No.3,1981; Jack L.Snyder,Myths of Empire:Domestic Politics and International Ambition,Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,1993,p.255.“冷战共识”的存在还可以从其他角度证实，如在1948年美国总统竞选时，奉行对苏协调外交路线的华莱士(Henry Wallace)支持率很低，只赢得了全国不到3％的选票，在有些保守州，这个数字甚至不到1％。Leslie Brown,Jacqueline Castledine,and Anne Valk,eds.,U.S.Women's History:Untangling the Threads of Sisterhood,New Brunswick,New Jersey,and London:Rutgers University Press,2017,pp.84-85. ③NSC 68/3,United States Objectives and Programs for National Security,Dec.8,1950,Annex No.5,Digital National Security Archive,PD00181,pp.4,1. ④并非精确数字，而是著述出版时被媒体曝光的相关组织数量。David H.Price,Cold War Anthropology:The CIA,the Pentagon,and the Growth of Dual Use Anthropology,Durham and London:Duke University Press Books,2016,pp.168-169,pp.170-172. ⑤Memorandum for Project Review Committee,“CFA Budget for FY-1955,” Jun.25,1954,Collection:Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act,DTPILLAR,Vol.2,No.34,CIA's Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room. ⑥Leslie E.Whateley,Director of the World Bureau,The World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts,“Committee for Free Asia,Inc.,” Feb.18,1953,Box P-82,Youth & Stud,Orgs,Girl Scouts,The Asia Foundation Records,Hoover Institution Archives. ⑦NSC 68/3,United States Objectives and Programs for National Security,Dec.8,1950,Annex No.5,DIGITAL NATIONAL SECURITY ARCHIVE,PD00181,p.7. ⑧The Ford Foundation Annual Report for 1951,Dec.31,1951,p.5,Ford Foundation Library,Annual Report,https://www.fordfoundation.org/about/library/?filter=Annual％20Report,11-20-2018. ⑨The Ford Foundation Annual Report for 1951,Dec.31,1951,p.11,p.20,Ford Foundation Library,Annual Report,https://www.fordfoundation.org/about/library/?filter=Annual％20Report,11-20-2018. ⑩Leslie E.Whateley,Director of the World Bureau,The World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts,“Committee for Free Asia,Inc.,” Feb.18,1953. (11)Memorandum for Project Review Committee,“CFA Budget for FY-1955,” Jun.25,1954,Collection:Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act,DTPILLAR,Vol.2,No.34,CIA’s Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room. (12)新华社：《苏联妇女积极参加国家建设，全苏产业工人妇女几占半数》，《人民日报》1949年2月24日，第3版。 (13)新华社：《国际民主妇联执委会罗马集会，蔡畅同志荣任副主席，加强亚洲妇女团结决定秋季召开亚洲妇女会议》，《人民日报》1948年7月16日，第2版。 (14)Memorandum from Dean Rusk,to Congressional Members of the Committee on Overseas Voluntary Activities,“Tentative Conclusions and Remaining Issues before the Committee on Overseas Voluntary Activities (COVA)”,Department of State,Nov.24,1967,U.S.Declassified Documents Online,CK2349021755. (15)The Afro-Asian Peoples Solidarity Organization from April 1960-April 1961,Jun.15,1961,CIA Records Search Tool,CIA-RDP78-00915R001300050009-3,p.2. (16)美国所谓“积极的和平”，甚至带有赞同“暴力”的元素。例如，主流美国女性组织并不推动即刻裁军、从朝鲜撤军或者德国非军事化。她们不那么坚持和平，而是要求和平必须在自由和民主的基础上实现。Helen Laville,Cold War Women:The International Activities of American Women's Organisations,Manchester:Manchester University Press,2002,pp.132-133; Giles Scott-Smith and Hans Krabbendam,eds.,The Cultural Cold War in Western Europe,1945-60,New York:Frank Cass,2003,p.208. (17)Letter from Richard A.Geisler,Assistant Representative,to the President of the Asia Foundation,Mar 7,1957,Box P-87,US & Intl.Organizations,Folder:YWCA 1955-1957,The Asia Foundation Records,Hoover Institution Archives. (18)Report of the Asian Women's Study Conference,Oct 15-30,1956,Box P-19,Youth & Stud,Conferences,Folder:YWCA Asian Women's Study Conf Tokyo,The Asia Foundation Records,Hoover Institution Archives,p.27. (19)Report of the Asian Women's Study Conference,Oct 15-30,1956,Box P-19,Youth & Stud,Conference,Folder:YWCA Asian Women's Study Conf Tokyo,The Asia Foundation Records,Hoover Institution Archives,p.27. (20)Letter from Helen L.Hackley,Organization Relations Division,to Mrs.John B.Henneman,Vice-Chairman,Foreign Division Committee,YWCA of the United States of America,Jan 11,1957,Box P-19,Youth & Stud,Conferences,Folder:YWCA Delhi Seminar 1956,The Asia Foundation Records,Hoover Institution Archives. (21)Report of the Asian Women’s Study Conference,Oct 15-30,1956,Box P-19,Youth & Stud,Conference,Folder:YWCA Asian Women’s Study Conf Tokyo,The Asia Foundation Records,Hoover Institution Archives,p.27. (22)The Campus World,Box P-187,Folder:US & Intl Organization,YMCA,Asia Foundation Records,Hoover Institution Archives. (23)Letter to Mr.H.H.Pierson,Special Assistant to the President,The Asia Foundation,Jan 22,1957,Box P-82,Youth & Stud,Orgs,Girl Scouts,Asia Foundation Records,Hoover Institution Archives. (24)Letter to Mr.Lyman Hoover,The Asia Foundation,Jun.23,1960,Box P-182,Folder:US & Intl Organization,Girl Scouts-General,Asia Foundation Records,Hoover Institution Archives. (25)亚洲基金会非常重视“善加利用”的方式，极力避免同类型组织间因竞争而出现内耗。当美国女童军协会要加强在亚洲的活动时，亚洲基金会劝说其不要推动“第二波女童运动”(a second girls’ movement)，因为有可能会与世界女童军协会间产生竞争关系。美国女童军协会表示会避开女童军运动比较成熟的国家，在尚无成熟活动的国家展开行动。Program Services Division,New York Representative per Program Officer,Camp Fire Girls,Inc.Jun.27,1960,Box P-182,Folder:US & Intl Organization,Girl Scouts-General,Asia Foundation Records,Hoover Institution Archives. (26)Letter from Mrs.Norman Coliver,Organization Relations Division,to Miss Ruth Henderson,Girl Scouts of the USA,Feb.25,1955,Box P-82,Youth & Stud,Orgs,Girl Scouts,Asia Foundation Records,Hoover Institution Archives. (27)美国4-H俱乐部是源于乡村的青年交流项目，后扩展至城市，进而成为一个国际青年交流项目。 (28)Manila Times,Jun.9,1953,Box P-38,Folder:General A-Z,Philippines Organizations,Asia Foundation Records,Hoover Institution Archives. (29)John Reed,Conversation with Miss Eleanor Thomas,International Friendship Advisor,Program Development Division,Girl Scouts of America,Jul 9,1956,Box P-82,Folder:Youth & Stud,Orgs,Girl Scouts,Asia Foundation Records,Hoover Institution Archives. (30)David Pace,“4-H International Exchanges:New Directions After the Cold War,” The Center,Winter 1998,p.38. (31)Gail Devens,“Learning Another Way of Life by Living It,” The Iowa Homemaker,Vol.40,No.7,1960,http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/homemaker/vol40/iss7/6,04-16-2018. (32)Gail Devens,“Learning Another Way of Life by Living It,” The Iowa Homemaker,Vol.40,No.7,1960,http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/homemaker/vol40/iss7/6,04-16-2018. (33)“Ohioan in India:People-to-people Visit Huge Success,” The Portsmouth Times,Monday,Apr 9,1962,p.9. (34)Grace Stuart Nutley,Pan Pacific and Southeast Asia Women’s Association of the United States of America,Annual Report of the President for the Year 1964-65,Archives Unbound Collection,Pan Pacific Southeast Asia Women’s Association,Series Ⅰ.History and Administration:Scrapbooks,“Ten Years Of PPSEAWA-USA,1957-67,” Part 1,1957-67,Gale Scholar,SC5003850092,p.2. (35)“通讯委员会”名称源自美国独立战争时期为在13个殖民地传递信息而成立的“通讯委员会”，取其标语“真相使你自由”为主旨。 (36)Margaret Smith (nee Wee Kiat Neo) of Singapore,Jun.1957,Archives Unbound Collection,Women Organizing Transnationally:The Committee of Correspondence,1952-1969,Series Ⅴ.Correspondents and Field Work-Regions:Asia:Country Files-Singapore:Smith,Margaret,Gale Scholar,SC5005057268. (37)Trinidad A.Alvero,YWCA of the Philippines,“Report on the International Seminar,Nov.12-21,1956,” Box P-19,Youth & Stud,Conferences,Folder:YWCA Delhi Seminar 1956,The Asia Foundation Records,Hoover Institution Archives,p.3. (38)South and Southeast Asian Workshop,Apr 19th-May 14th 1956,Archives Unbound Collection,Women Organizing Transnationally:The Committee of Correspondence,1952-1969,Series Ⅲ.Conferences,Seminars,and Workshops:Asian Workshop,1956:“The Responsibilities of Freedom,” Gale Scholar,SC5005047519. (39)Letter from Richard J.Miller,Representative,Pakistan,to Mrs.L.M.Dias,Honorary Treasurer,YWCA of Pakistan,Oct 16,1956,Box P-19,Youth & Stud,Conferences,Folder:YWCA Delhi Seminar 1956,The Asia Foundation Records,Hoover Institution Archives. (40)Letter from Mrs.John B.Henneman,Vice Chairman,Foreign Division Committee,YWCA of the United States of America,to Mr.Robert Blum,President of the Asia Foundation,Apr 24,1956,Box P-19,Youth & Stud,Conferences,Folder:YWCA Delhi Seminar 1956,The Asia Foundation Records,Hoover Institution Archives. (41)Memorandum from Dean Rusk,to Congressional Members of the Committee on Overseas Voluntary Activities,“Tentative Conclusions and Remaining Issues before the Committee on Overseas Voluntary Activities (COVA)”,Department of State,Nov.24,1967,U.S.Declassified Documents Online,CK2349021755. (42)Karen Garner,Women and Gender in International History:Theory and Practice,London and New York:Bloomsbury Academic,2018,p.72. (43)The Asian Solidarity Committee,CIA Records Search Tool,CIA-RDP78-00915R000700140019-9,p.9. (44)《为争取和平而团结起来!记国际民主妇联理事会会议的开幕》，《人民日报》1956年4月25日，第4版。 (45)Young Women’s Christian Association of Pakistan,The Asian Women’s Study Conference,Oct 15-30,Box P-19,Youth & Stud,Conferences,Folder:YWCA Asian Women’s Study Conf Tokyo,The Asia Foundation Records,Hoover Institution Archives. (46)Report of the Asian Women’s Study Conference,Oct 15-30,1956,Appendix 6,Youth & Stud,Conference,Folder:YWCA Asian Women's Study Conf Tokyo,The Asia Foundation Records,Hoover Institution Archives,p.22. (47)The Afro-Asian Peoples Solidarity Organization from April 1960-April 1961,Jun.15,1961,CIA Records Search Tool,CIA-RDP78-00915R001300050009-3,p.13. (48)如在谈到泰国发展问题时，美国驻泰大使约翰逊认为，泰国已经完全接受了“经济发展道路有赖私人企业和外国私人投资”的哲学。U.Alexis Johnson,Ambassador to Thailand,“Thai-United States Cooperation,” The Department of State Bulletin,Vol.42,No.1095,Jun.20,1960,p.1003. (49)The Afro-Asian Peoples Solidarity Organization from April 1960-April 1961,Jun.15,1961,CIA Records Search Tool,CIA-RDP78-00915R001300050009-3,pp.4,8,10. (50)在这里，“新殖民主义”一词强调美国为自身经济或政治利益，开展单向的、带有掠夺和占有特征的政治经济活动。下文的“国际主义”则是美国官私组织强调自己的行动是出于慈善或援助目的，或至少是为了促进双方平等互利的发展而实施，其在不同语境下，既有正面意义，也有负面意义。 (51)1955年，在美国官方倡议下，成立了国际谅解商务委员会(Business Council for International Understanding)，成为推销美国“消费主义”理念、塑造美国正面形象的重要宣传机构。C.Douglas Dillon,Under Secretary of State,“The Challenge of Overseas Service,” The Department of State Bulletin,Vol.42,No.1096,Jun.27,1960,p.1022; Frauke Hachtmann,“Promoting Consumerism in West Germany During the Cold War:An Agency Perspective,” Advertising & Society Review,Vol.10,Issue 2,2009. (52)Letter from Dame Leslie E.Whateley,Director of the World Bureau,The World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts,to Mr.Harry H.Pierson,Director of Organization Relations Division,The Asia Foundation,Nov.9,1956,Box P-82,Youth & Stud,Orgs,Girl Scouts,The Asia Foundation Records,Hoover Institution Archives. (53)James C.Porterfield,Organization Relations Division,“Girl Scout Traveling Commissioner for Asia,” Mar 20,1957; Margaret E.Pollard,Acting Director,Organization Relations Division,Feb.25,1957,Box P-82,Youth & Stud,Orgs,Girl Scouts,The Asia Foundation Records,Hoover Institution Archives. (54)Letter from Philip Horton,Assistant Editor of the Reporter,to Allen Dulles,Jun.6,1951,Collection:Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act,DTPILLAR,Vol.1,No.69,CIA’s Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room; Memorandum from John Devine,The Committee for a Free Asia,Dec.28,1951,Collection:Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act,DTPILLAR,Vol.1,No.84,CIA’s Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room; James C.Porterfield,Organization Relations Division,“Girl Scout Traveling Commissioner for Asia,” Mar 20,1957; Margaret E.Pollard,Acting Director,Organization Relations Division,Feb.25,1957. (55)Statement of Representative Adam C.Powell on the Floor of the House of Representatives,introducing a Bill to Provide 12000 Scholarships for Students of Africa,Asia and Latin American “To Become National Leaders,” May 1,1961,President John F.Kennedy’s Office Files,1961-1963,Part 4:Subjects File,Folder:002250-006-0511,ProQuest History Vault,p.4. (56)Jennifer Keohane,Communist Feminism,Consumer Culture,and Superpower Politics in the United States during the Early Cold War,a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Wisconsin-Madison,2015,p.3. (57)Helen Laville,Cold War Women:The International Activities of American Women’s Organisations,Manchester:Manchester University Press,2002,p.56; Helen Laville and Hugh Wilford,eds.,The US Government,Citizen Groups and the Cold War:The State-Private Network,London and New York:Routledge,2006,p.50. (58)Helen Laville and Hugh Wilford,eds.,The US Government,Citizen Groups and the Cold War:The State-Private Network,London and New York:Routledge,2006,p.50. (59)《苏联作家吉洪诺夫在八月二十五日全苏拥护和平大会开幕典礼上的报告，“勇敢而有信心地为和平而斗争!”》，《人民日报》1949年8月30日，第6版。 (60)The Committee of Correspondence Records,1952-1989 at Smith College,introduced by Karen Garner,SUNY Empire State College,Archives Unbound Collection,Women Organizing Transnationally:The Committee of Correspondence,1952-1969,Gale Scholar. (61)Helen Laville,Cold War Women:The International Activities of American Women’s Organisations,Manchester:Manchester University Press,2002,pp.8-9. (62)一般认为，美国第一次女性权利运动始于19世纪中期，目标是争取公民和政治权利。第二次女性权利运动始于20世纪60年代中期，目标是重新考察性别社会责任，扩大女性平等权利。Kathleen A.Laughlin and Jacqueline L.Castledine,Breaking the Wave:Women,Their Organizations,and Feminism,1945-1985,New York and London:Routledge,2011,p.2. (63)Amy Swerdlow,“Ladies’ Day at the Capitol:Women Strike for Peace versus HUAC”,Feminist Studies,Vol.8,No.3,Autumn,1982,p.493. (64)Letter from Hank Miller to General Lansdale,Getting Vietnamese Women to Participate in the September Election,Aug 26,1966,U.S.Declassified Documents Online,CK2349017545. (65)Letter from Hank Miller to General Lansdale,Getting Vietnamese Women to Participate in the September Election,Aug 26,1966,U.S.Declassified Documents Online,CK2349017545. (66)Incoming Telegram,Department of State,From AMEMBASSY Djakarta to Secretary of State,Jul 20,1965,U.S.Declassified Documents Online,CK2349351621. (67)Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Director J.Edgar Hoover Informs President Lyndon B.Johnson of a North Vietnamese Request to Meet in Paris,France with U.S.Peace Movement Representatives,May 12,1967,U.S.Declassified Documents Online,CK2349510671. (责任编辑：admin) |