性别、种族、代际——美国印度裔移民妇女的政治参与(3)
http://www.newdu.com 2024/07/01 01:07:56 《黔南民族师范学院学报 李琴 参加讨论
注释： ①Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965,Pub.L.No.89-236,79 Stat.911(1965). ②2.4 million Indian immigrants resident in the United States as of 2015.This makes the foreign born from India the second-largest immigrant group after Mexicans,accounting for almost 6 percent of the 43.3 million foreign-born population.Jie Zong and Jeanne Batalova,8/31/2017 Indian Immigrants in the United States,https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indian-immigrants-united-states. ③Gitika Ahuja,Indian-Americans Watch as Bush Visits Their Native Land,ABC News,Mar.1,2006,http://abcnews.go.comAnternational/story? id=1673762&page=l.? 5 See,e.g.,B.E.Cain,D.R.Kiewiet,et al.,The Acquisition of Partisanship by Latinos and Asian Americans,35 Am.J.of Pol.Sci.390,390-422(1991). ④数据来源于美国调查局2010年和2015年的美国社区调查(ACS)。Sources:Data from U.S.Census Bureau 2010 and 2015 American Community Surveys(ACS),and 1980,1990,and 2000 Decennial Census. ⑤https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/06/11/why-indian-americans-dominate-the-u-s-motel-industry. ⑥The median household income for Indian immigrants in 2015 was much higher than that of the overall foreign-and native-born populations.Households headed by Indian immigrants had a median income of MYM107,000,compared to MYM51,000 and MYM56,000 for overall immigrant and native-born households,respectively.Jie Zong and Jeanne Batalova,8/31/2017 Indian Immigrants in the United States.https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indian-immigrants-united-states. ⑦The family setting is identified as one of the main sources for political learning and interest among non-immigrant communities.M.Margaret CONWAY,POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN THE UNITED STATES(2000). ⑧Here we see that the media,one's spouse and children are the three main sources for political learning.Monica Boyd,The Changing Nature of Central and Southeast Asian Immigration to the United States:1961-1972,8 Int'L Migration Rev.507(1974). ⑨The family setting is identified as one of the main sources for political learning and interest among non-immigrant communities.M.Margaret CONWAY,POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN THE UNITED STATES(2000). ⑩The day after Donald Trump was elected president,Elizabeth Guzman's nine-year-old son asked her if they should leave the country because they speak Spanish."That's what he'd been hearing for the last few months," says Guzman,a public administrator and social worker in Alexandria,Virginia.A year later,Guzman won a seat in the Virginia House of Delegates,ousting Republican incumbent Scott Lingamfelter,who had held his seat for 16 years.A political newcomer,she was the first Latina ever to run for a seat in the statehouse.She won by nearly 3,000 votes,http://www.sheshouldrun.org/encouraged_by_opposition_to_trump_these_women_are_pushing_a_political_revolution. (11)President Trump's campaign and subsequent election has produced little positivity,but one encouraging consequence is the increased number of women-and women of color,which is of particular importance-who are equipping themselves with the tools necessary to run for local,state,and federal office,http://www.sheshouldrun.org/encouraged_by_opposition_to_trump_these_women_are_pushing_a_political_revolutinn. (12)Emily's List is a long-standing Democratic outfit aimed at electing pro-choice women. (13)Since November,2017,20,000 women have contacted Emily's List to say they want to run.That's compared to 920 during the 2015-2016 cycle,http://www.sheshouldrun.org/encouraged_by_opposition_to_trump_these_women_are_pushing_a_political_revolution. (14)It is the largest one-day protest in U.S.history.Garfield,Leanna."The 9 biggest marches and protests in US history".Business Insider.Retrieved January 2,2017.According to data on WomensMarch com on January 26,2017. (15)At the same time,the factors that facilitate the election of women of color-such as majority-minority districts-differ from those that affect the election of non-Hispanic white women,making for further complexity.Prestage.Jewel L.,"Black Women State Legislators:A Profle," A Portrait of Marginality:The Political Behavior of the American Woman; eds.Marianne Githens and Jewel L.Prestage,(New York:McKay,1977):401-418. (16)Studies show that the factors that help elect people of color to offce work differently by gender.Darcy,R.,Charles D.Hadley,and Jason F.Kirksey,"Election Systems and the Representation of Black Women in American State Legislatures," In Women Transforming Politics:An Alternative Reader,(New York,NY:New York University Press,1997); Becki Scola,Gender,Race,and Offce Holding in the United States:Representation at the Intersections.New York:Routledge,2014; Becki Scala,"Predicting Presence at the Intersections:Assessing the Variation in Women's Offce Holding Across the States." State Politics and Policy Quarterly 13.3(2013):333-348; Christina E.Bejarano,The Latina Advantage:Gender,Race,and Political Success(Austin,TX:University of Texas Press,2013). (17)Jewel L.Black Women State Legislators:A Profle,A Portrait of Marginality:The Political Behavior of the American Woman; eds.Marianne Githens and Jewel L.Prestage,(New York:McKay,1977):401-418. (18)Sanbonmatsu,Kira,Susan J.Carroll,and Debbie Walsh,"Poised to Run:Women's Pathways to the State Legislatures,"(Center for American Women and Politics,Eagleton Institute of Politics,Rutgers University,2009); Carroll,Susan J.and Kira Sanbonmatsu,More Women Can Run:Gender and Pathways to the State Legislatures,New York:Oxford,2013. 参考文献： [1]THE POLITICAL BEHAVIOR OF INDIAN AMERICAN WOMEN:GENDERED AND GENERATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON RACE,IMMIGRATION AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS,Columbia Journal of Gender and the Law[J].New York Vol.19,Iss.3,(2010):747-772. [2]Monica Boyd.The majority of Indians entering the United States after the 1965 Immigration Act represented the socially and economically privileged segments of Indian society[M].The Changing Nature of Central and Southeast Asian Immigration to the United States:1961-1972. [3]Sunil Bhatia,American Karma.Race,Culture.and Identity in the Indian Diaspora[M].New York:New York University Press,2007:14. [4]AnnaLee Saxenian.From Brain Drain to Brain Circulation:Transnational Communities and Regional Upgrading in India and China[J].Studies in Comparative International Development,Vol.40,No.2(Summer 2005):52. [5]Asian Indian-Owned Firms[EB/OL].http://www.census.gov/. [6]U.S.Census Bureau.Selected Population Profile in the United States[EB/OL].http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/searchresults.xhtml? ref=ci&refresh=t#none. [7]Prasad,Shankar K; Nordlund,Caroline M.THE POLITICAL BEHAVIOR OF INDIAN AMERICAN WOMEN:GENDERED AND GENERATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON RACE,IMMIGRATION AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS[J].Columbia Journal of Gender and the Law; New York Vol.19,Iss.3,(2010):747-772. (责任编辑：admin) |
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