(12)E. M. Walker,“The Periclean Democracy,”in J. B. Bury, S. A. Cook and R. E. Adcock, eds. , The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. V: Athens 478-401 B.C., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1927, pp. 98-112. (13)C. Hignett, A History of the Athenian Constitution to the End of the Fifth Century B.C., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1952, Chapter VIII,“The Revolution of 462.” (14)参见J. K. Davies, Democracy and Classical Greece, London: Fontana Press, 1993, Chapter IV; P. J. Rhodes, “The Athenian Revolution,”in D. M. Lewis, J. Boardman, J. K. Davies and M. Ostwald, eds., The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. V: The Fifth Century B. C. , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp.62-95.对于雅典革命叙述的详细回溯,见R. Osborne,“When Was the Athenian Demoeratic Revolution?” (15)希罗多德关于克里斯梯尼改革的简短记载(《历史》,5.66,69-73)主要着墨于斯巴达王克勒奥美尼斯(Cleomenes)对雅典的干预,而对改革内容及其过程语焉不详。亚里士多德的记载(《雅典政制》,20-22)更为详细,但却较晚。埃菲阿尔特斯改革的记载仅见于亚里士多德的记载(《雅典政制》,25)。其他略有提及的文献,参见《政治学》,1274a8-9;普鲁塔克:《客蒙传》(Plutarch’s Lives,vol.II,The Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1914),15. 2. (16)参见M. H. Hansen, “Solonian Democracy in Fourth-Century Athens,”Classica et Mediaevalia,vol.40, 1989, pp.71-99. (17)R. Osborne, “When Was the Athenian Democratic Revolution‘?”pp. 26-27.关于雅典民主政治研究中的“现时主义”(presentism)、尤其是对克里斯梯尼改革的解读中存在的现实关怀,参见I. Morris and K. A. Raaflaub, eds., Democracy 2500? Questions and Challenges, pp. 3-5. (18)R. W. Wallace,“Solonian Democracy,” p. 12. (19)关于两方政治意识形态对当代西方雅典民主政治研究的影响,笔者曾作过较为细致的剖析,见黄洋:《民主政治诞生2500周年?--当代西方雅典民主政治研究》,《历史研究》2002年第6期。另可参见 I. Morris and K. A. Raaflaub, eds. , Democracy 2500? Questions and Challenges, pp. 1-2. (20)参见李剑鸣主编:《世界历史上的民主与民主化》,上海:上海三联书店,2011年。此外,笔者随意选取的几部相关著述都从不同方面说明,从独立战争之初起,美国的政治制度就在不断演化和发展。例如,乔治·弗莱彻(George P.Fletcher)认为,在南北战争之后的1865-1870年间通过的宪法第十三、十四和十五修正案实际上构成了美国的第二部宪法。1787年起草的第一部宪法以“自愿结盟、个人自由和共和精英主义”为根本,第二部宪法才确立了人人平等以及人民民主原则,参见George P. Fletcher,Our Secret Constitution: How Lincoln Redefined American Democracy,New York:Oxford University Press,2001,pp.1-10;兰德尔·霍尔库姆(Randall G.Holcombe)则通过对美国政府的考察,提出直到20世纪初,美国政府的指导原则才从保护个人权利转变到民主政治,“到1980年,民主政治完全取代了自由,成为美国政府的根本原则”,参见Randall G.Holcombe, From Liberty to Democracy: The Transformation of American Government, Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press,2002,p.250;亚历山大·凯瑟(Alexander Keyssar)则从投票权变化的角度,指出只是到了20世纪,长期局限于说英语的白种男性群体的投票权才扩大到妇女、黑人和其他群体,参见Alexander Keyssar, The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States, New York: Basic Books, 2000. (21)R. Osborne,“When Was the Athenian Democratic Revolution?”p. 27. (22)Josiah Ober,“Revolution Matters: Democracy as Demotic Action (Response to Kurt A. Raaflaub),” p.70. (23)例如保罗·卡特里奇指出:“在我以及其他一些人看来,在多大程度上可以断言公元前508年存在真正的人民或平民的自我意识,这样一种自我意识在多大程度上是克里斯梯尼改革法案的主要推动力,是非常值得怀疑或者说成问题的。”参见 Paul Cartledge,“Origins of Democracy: Contributions to a Debate,”in K. A. Raaflaub, J. Ober and R. W. Wallace, eds., Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece, p. 164. (24)希罗多德:《历史》,V.66.2. (25)R. Osborne,“When Was the Athenian Democratic Revolution?”p.26. (26)亚里士多德:《雅典政制》,2.1-2. (27)普鲁塔克:《梭伦传》(Plutarch’s Lives, vol. I, The Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1914), 13.2. (28)亚里士多德:《雅典政制》,12.1. (29)亚里士多德:《雅典政制》,13. (30)亚里士多德:《雅典政制》,25. (31)普鲁塔克:《伯里克利传》(Plutarch‘s Lives, vol. III, The Loeb Classical Library, London: William Heinemann Lad., 1916),14. (32)修昔底德:《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》(Thucydidis Historiae, Scriptorum Classicorum Biliotheca Oxoniensis, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1900), VIII. 63-70. (33)修昔底德:《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》,VIII.76. (34)修昔底德:《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》,VIII.94-98;参见亚里士多德:《雅典政制》,29-33. (35)色诺芬:《希腊史》(Xenophontis Opera Omnia, tomus I, Historia Graeca, Scriptorum Classicorum Biliotheca Oxoniensis, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1900), II.3-4;参见亚里士多德:《雅典政制》,34-38. (36)伪色诺芬(老寡头):《雅典政制》(Xenophontis Opera Omnia,tomus V,Atheniensum Respublica, Scriptorum Classicorum Biliotheca Oxoniensis, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1900), 1.1. (37)伪色诺芬(老寡头):《雅典政制》,1.6-9. (38)参见M. I. Finley, Politics in the Ancient World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983, p. 2; G. E. M. de Ste. Croix, The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World: From the Archaic Age to the Arab Conquests, London: Duckworth, 1983, p.73. (39)柏拉图:《理想国》(Platonis Opera, tomus IV, Respublica, Scriptorum Classicorum Biliotheca Oxoniensis, Oxford: Oxford University, 1902),422e-423a. (40)亚里士多德:《政治学》,1279b6-9. (41)亚里士多德:《政治学》,1279b35-40. (42)参见亚里士多德:《政治学》,1291b7-13. (43)亚里士多德:《政治学》,1290b17-19. (44)参见G.E.M.de Ste.Croix, The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World,p.73. (45)亚里士多德:《政治学》,1310a3-4. (46)G.E.M.de Ste.Croix, The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World, pp.69-80.芬利的讨论比较分散,参见M.I.Finley, Politics in the Ancient World, pp.2, 9~11. (47)德·圣·克鲁瓦(G.E.M.de Ste.Croix)论述道:“经济阶级是区分希腊社会的基本因素,也界定了其政治划分,这一观念远非仅限于马克思及其追随者的时代错置的离经叛道,而实际上和希腊人自己的观点十分地契合。亚里士多德这位希腊城邦社会学与政治学的伟大专家总是从阶级分析的基础出发,并且认为,人们在政治上和其他方面首要地是根据其经济地位行事,此乃天经地义。”接着他指出,尽管“亚里士多德社会学的马克思主义特征并未逃过人们的注意”,但“近些年来,在澳大利亚、新西兰和大西洋两岸,一些古代世界的阐述者试图忘却亚里士多德的阶级分析--我敢说他们认为其带有危险的马克思主义色彩--或是假装可以忽略它,尤其是对于公元前4世纪以前的分析而言。”参见G. E. M. de Ste. Croix, The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World, p. 79. (48)Josiah Ober, Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens: Rhetoric, Ideology, and the Power of the People, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989, pp. 12-13, 339. (49)Josiah Ober, Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens, Chapter VII. (50)Lysias, Defence against a Charge of Subverting the Democracy, Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1930, 8. (51)M. I. Finley, Politics in the Ancient World, pp. 109-110. (52)德·圣·克鲁瓦强调说,后一点很少受到应有的重视,参见G. E. M. de Ste. Croix, The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World: From the Archaic Age to the Arab Conquests, pp. 284-287. (53)关于节庆和舰队三层桨舰两类“公益捐助”的研究,分别见P. Wilson, The Athenian Institution of the Khoregia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003; V. Gabrielsen, Financing the Athenian Fleet: Public Taxation and Social Relations, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994. (54)J. K. Davies, Athenian Propertied Families, 600-300 B. C. , Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971, p. xxix. (55)所谓“财产交换”,是指保障“公益捐助”制度顺利实施的法律程序。如被指定承担“公益捐助”者不愿履行这一义务,他必须指认有其他公民比他更为富有,应代替他履行该义务。此种情况即启动了“财产交换”程序。被指认者要么承认自己更为富有,而接受捐助义务;要么否认自己更为富有,如此则双方交换全部财产,仍由指认者承担捐助义务。参见 V. Gabrielsen,“The Antidosis Procedure in Classical Athens,”Classica et Mediaevalia, vol. 38, 1987, pp. 7-38; M. R. Christ,“Liturgy Avoidance and Antidosis in Classical Athens,”Transactions of the American Philological Association, vol. 120, 1990, pp.147-169. (56)Demosthenes 21: Against Midias, 154; Demosthenes 47: Against Evergus and Mnesibulus, 22.古希腊文版本分别见Demosthenes Orationes, Scriptorum Classicorum Biliotheca Oxoniensis, Oxford: Oxford University, 1903, tomi II, tomus III. (57)伪色诺芬(老寡头):《雅典政制》,1. 13. (58)Isocrates, 8: On the Peace (Isocrates, vol. II, Loeb Classical Library, London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1929), 127-128. (59)Theophrastus, Characters, 26 (Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries 41, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004)。 (60)参见David Stockton, The Gracchi, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979. (61)Josiah Ober, Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens: Rhetoric, Ideology, and the Power of the People, Chapter V, p.241. (62)P. W. Rose, “Divorcing Ideology from Marxism and Marxism from Ideology: Some Problems,” Arethusa, vol. 39, 2006, pp. 101-136. (63)P.W. Rose, “Divorcing Ideology from Marxism and Marxism from Ideology: Some Problems,”p. 131. (64)参见R. Osborne,“When Was the Athenian Democratic Revolution?”pp105-106.
(责任编辑:admin) |