注释：
    ①乌尔曼(国内多译为厄尔曼)的著述主题涉猎之广，时间跨度之大，在史学界是比较少见的。总体讲，西欧中世纪的教会、法律和政治，是他关注的最重要主题。不过他集中研究的是教会、法律和政治领域内的思想方面，因此他的著述整体上可以纳入两欧中世纪政治思想史的范围。
    ②C. J. Nederman, Lineages of European Political Thought, Washington, D. C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2009，p. 3.
    ③彭小瑜教授在“西方历史误读的东方背景”中曾提及乌尔曼学术的缺陷和西方学者的批评，见《历史研究》2006年第1期。
    ④C. J. Nederman. Lineages of European Political Thought, p. 3.
    ⑤J. H. Burns(ed.), The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought c. 300—c. 1450, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988, p. 6.
    ⑥C. J. Nederman, Lineages of European Political Thought，pp.3—12.同一作者还发表过专文总结乌尔曼的学术，题为“What is Dead and What is Living in the Scholarship of Walter Ullmann” , Pensiero Politco Medievale 2(2004),pp. 1—8.
    ⑦http//www.routledge.com/.../Walter-Ullmann-on-Medieval-Political-Theoy——3-Volumes-Routledge-Revi vals-isbn9780415571548-
    ⑧W. Ullmann Low and Jurisdiction in the Middle Ages,(ed. by G. Garnett), London: Variorum Reprints, 1988, Preface by Garnett, pp. x—xi.
    ⑨W. Ullmann, The Medieval Idea of Law As Represented by Lucas de Penna, London: Methun & CO. LTD, 1946.
    ⑩W. Ullmann, The Medieval Idea of Law As Represented by Lucas de Penna, Author's Preface, p. vii.
    (11)W. Ullmann, The Medieval Idea of Law As Represented by Lucas de Penna, Introduction by H. D. Hazeltine; R. Pound, Harvard Law Review, Vol. 62, No. 4(1949), pp. 713—716.
    (12)W. Ullmann, Law and Jurisdiction in the Middle Ages, Preface by Garnett, p. Xii.; Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, G. Garnett, "Ullmann, Walter(1910-1983)".
    (13)W. Ullmann，The Origins of the Great Schism，London：Burns，Oates & Washhourne，1948.乌尔曼对于罗马天主教大分裂、罗马教廷性质的认识，可参见他为此书1972年重印本写的前言：The Origins of the Great Schism，[Hamden，Com]：Archon Books，1972，Preface to the 1972 Reprint.
    (14)W. Ullmann, Medieval Papalism: The Political Theories of the Medieval Canonists, London: Methuen & CO. LTD., 1949.
    (15)W. Ullmann, The Principles of Government and Politics in the Middle Ages, pp. 19—26.
    (16)Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, G. Garnett, "Ullmann, Walter(1910-1983)".
    (17)W. Ullmann, The Church and Law in the Middle Ages, London: Variorum Reprints, 1975; The Papacy and Political Ideas in the Middle Ages, London: Variorum Reprints, 1976; Scholarship and Politics in the Middle Ages, London: Variorum Reprints, 1978; Jurisprudence in the Middle Ages, London: Variorum Reprints, 1980; Law and Jurisprudence in the Middle Ages,(ed. G Garnett), London: Variorum Reprints, 1988.
    (18)B. Tierney and P. Linehan(eds.), Authority and Power: Studies on Medieval Law and Government Presented to Walter Ullmann on His Seventieth Birthday.这部文集出版后广受好评，有关评论见J. A. Brundage, The American Journal of Legal History, vol. 26, No. 3(1982),pp. 256—258; A. Murray, The English Historical Review, vol. 97, No. 383,(1982), pp. 345—346; R. Somerville, Church History, vol. 52, No. 1(1983), pp. 84—85.
    (19)B. Tierney and P. Linehan(eds.), Authority and Power, Foreword, p. Ⅷ.
    (20)W. Ullmann. Law and Politics in the Middle Ages, p. 29.
    (21)W. Ullmann, Law and Politics in the Middle Ages, p. 12.
    (22)W. Ullmann, Law and Polities in the Middle Ages, p. 27.
    (23)W. Ullmann, Law and Polities in the Middle Ages, p. 34.
    (24)B. Tierney and P. Linehan(eds.),Authority and Power: Studies on Medieval Law and Government, Foreword, p. Ⅶ.
    (25)W. Ullmann, The Growth of Papal Government in the Middle Ages, Preface, p. V.
    (26)W. Ullmann, The Growth of Papal Government in the Middle Ages, Preface, V.
    (27)W. Ullmann, The Growth of Papal Government in the Middle Ages, p. 447.
    (28)R. W. Southern, "Review(Untitled)",The English Historical Review, Vol. 71, No. 281(Oct. ,1956), pp. 635—638.
    (29)导论题为“The Ascending and Descending Themes of Government”，一些评论曾对乌尔曼的这一主要思想作过概括，见F. Oakley, “Celestial Hierarchies Revisited: Walter Ullmann's Vision of Medieval Politics”, Past & Present, No. 60(Aug. , 1973), pp. 3—48; C. J. Nederman, Lineages of European Political Thought, pp. 3—11.
    (30)W. Ullmann, Principles of Government and Politics in the Middle Ages, pp. 18—19.
    (31)W. Ullmann, Principles of Government and Politics in the Middle Ages, p. 20.
    (32)W. Ullmann, Principles of Government and Politics in the Middle Ages, pp. 20—21.
    (33)W. Ullmann, Principles of Government and Politics in the Middle Ages, pp. 22—23.
    (34)W. Ullmann，Principles of Government and Politics in the Middle Ages，p.24.乌尔曼一再强调西欧封建主义的宪政意义，参见W. Ullmann，The Individual and Society in the Middle Ages，pp. 53—98.乌尔曼在其晚年仍然指出西欧封建主义对于宪政制度发展的重要性。他说：“在严格的君主制统治的框架内，宪政的发展是不可想象的。这种进步只能在封建的背景下实现，因为封建契约的双方通过协商达成一致变成了积极的因素。”W. Ullmann，“Medieval Monarchy”，Sewanee Medieval Colloquium Occasional Papers, No. 1(Sewanee, Tennessee, 1982), p. 52.