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五、结语 20世纪80年代以来，随着全球化时代经济、交通和信息的发展，国际人口流动进入一个新的高峰期。然而，就像全球化带来的反全球化浪潮一样，大规模的移民潮也引起了移民接收国普遍的反移民抗议，发达国家的限制性移民政策也越来越紧缩。但实际经验表明，民主国家对移民活动的控制能力受到各种因素的制约，除了全球化本身的压力之外，国家在制定移民政策时还受到政治因素(包括立法、司法、行政、选举制度以及政党体系)的影响。本文通过比较20世纪后期美国和澳大利亚的移民政治发现，虽然这两个主要的移民国家都推行了限制性移民政策，但因其移民政治中的“利益导向”、受“权利”的制约程度以及移民政策制定程序的不同，从而导致两国的移民政策无论在内容上还是在实际收效上都出现了巨大的差别。据此，可以预测两国未来移民政策的趋势：美国将继续在自由主义的道路上前行，而澳大利亚却可以根据国内外政治经济形势的变化灵活地调整移民政策。 注释： ①首次违规处以250～2000美元的罚款，再次违规处以2000～5000美元的罚款，第三次违规处以3000～10000美元的罚款，并可处以6个月以上的监禁。 【参考文献】 [1]李明欢：《20世纪西方国际移民理论》，《厦门大学学报》2000年第4期；傅义强：《当代西方国际移民理论述略》，《世界民族》2007年第3期。 [2]华金·阿朗戈：《移民研究的评析》，《国际社会科学杂志》2001年第3期。 [3]R. Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992; J. F. Hollifield, Immigration and Republicanism in France: The Hidden Consensus; G. Brochmannand T. Hammar(eds.), Mechanisms of Immigration Control: A Comparative Analysis of European Regulation Policies, Oxford: Berg Publishing, 1999. [4]Gary P. 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