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三、结语 本文揭示了芝加哥城内的华人商业不仅仅是只有卑微且技术含量低微的行业，同时，也并不像一般大众所认为的那样，会被富有的美国人所歧视。恰恰相反，正如本文运用的各种资料所证明的那样，大多数的华人商业，特别是那些规模较为庞大且复杂的跨国生意，都被那些具有远见、敢于实践并且拥有长远目标的商人所开创经营。这些生意有效地利用了跨国商业网络来筹集运营资本、提供补充货源、聘请雇员以保证日常经营，同时也在不断为跨国移民运动两端的华人社区服务。位于美国中部的芝加哥所拥有的水陆空交通枢纽的优越地理位置，让城中的华人杂货业得以扩大生意范围，成为中西部地区许多小型杂货店的批发供货商。芝加哥的国际化氛围还培养了中餐精致饮食文化的先驱。城内的华人洗衣业也成为美国中西部城镇洗衣业的典范。 这些特征表明，芝加哥城内的华埠社区(对该社区的研究至今仍严重缺失)，是美国中西部地区跨国移民及商贸中心的一个重要枢纽。具有敏锐商业意识、积极投身于实践并充满智慧的华人企业家们不仅仅为其个人的商业成功做出了贡献，同时也为中西部地区华人社区和家乡父老的集体生存、发展及成功做出了重要贡献。 本文资料来源于笔者的英文专著Ping Linghu, Chinese Chicago: Race, Transnational Migration, and Community since 1870, Stanford University Press, 2012. 注释： ①萧成鹏的著作主要利用他对芝加哥华人洗衣工的调查研究，而McKeown主要运用移民归化局的资料描述芝加哥主要华人移民家族间的矛盾。 ②值得注意的是，移民虽然生活在异地，但与家乡保持着紧密联系，一些人类学家运用“跨国主义”这一术语来形容这种出现在20世纪90年代早期的跨国、跨文化现象。一些历史学家在他们的专题著作中认同了这一说法。有关于跨国主义的著作，可参考Nina Glick Schiller, Linda Basch, Cristina Blanc-Szanton, eds., Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism Reconsidered, ix。关于运用跨国主义研究方法的相关历史研究，参见：Renqiu Yu, "Chinese American Contributions to Educational Development of Toisan 1910-1940", Amerasia vol. 10, No. 1 (1983), pp. 47-72; Madeline Y. Hsu, Dreaming of Gold, Dreaming of Home: Transnationalism and Migration between the United States and South Chinea, 1882-1943; Yong Chen, Chinese San Francisco 1850-1943: A Trans-Pacific Community; Adam McKeown, Chinese Migrant Networks and Cultural Change, Peru, Chicago, Hawaii, 1900-1936; Haiming Liu, Transnational History of a Chinese Family: Immigration Letters, Family Business, and Reverse Migration; 等等。 ③许多移民档案显示：个人贷款给亲属或朋友是没有书面记录的，因为贷方“相信”作为亲属或者作为好友的“借方”。相关资料可参考：芝加哥华人案例档案360(CCCF 360)中1904年9月7日Lum Joy的相关证明、芝加哥华人案例档案365(CCCF 365)中1905年7月17日Moy Kee Doy的相关证明以及芝加哥华人案例档案369(CCCF 369)中1905年8月23日Chan Wing的相关证明。 ④指“证书儿子”(paper son)。购买法律文件冒名为华商的儿子入境是美国排华法实行时期(1882—1943)中国移民常用的一种方法。 参考文献： [1]Tin-Chin Fan, "Chinese Residents in Chicago", MA thesis, University of Chicago, 1926. [2]Paul C. P. Siu, The Chinese Laundryman: A Study of Social Isolation (Edited by John Kuo Wei Tchen), New York: New York University Press, 1987, pp. 296-297. [3]Adam McKeown, Chinese Migrant Networks and Cultural Change, Peru, Chicago, Hawaii, 1900-1936, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001 , pp. 1-6. [4]Henry Yu, Thinking Orientals: Migration, Contact, and Exoticism in Modern America, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. [5]Mae M. Ngai, "Transnationalism and the Transformation of the 'Other'", American Quarterly, 2005, Vol. 57, No. 1 (March), pp. 59-65. [6]"Chinese-Americans at the 1893 Chicago World Fair", CAMOC (Chinese American Museum of Chicago), 1893, http: //camoc. homestead. com/More_1893. html#anchor_218 (accessed August 8, 2006); "1933 World's Fair Objects & Scenes", CAMOC. 1933, http: //camoc. homestead. com/More_1933. html (accessed 8-11-2008). [7][8][14][38][39][77]Tin-Chin Fan, "Chinese Residents in Chicago", pp. 14, 14, 15, 39, 38, 33-37. [9]Paul C. P. Siu, The Chinese Laundryman: A Study of Social Isolation, pp. 28-30. [10]Huping Ling, Chinese St. Louis: From Enclave to Cultural Community, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2004, pp. 36-37; Renqiu Yu, To Save China, To Save Ourselves: The Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance of New York, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992. [11]"Where Orient and Occident Meet", The Graphic, Feb 17, 1894, 131. [12]Mary Ting Yi Lui, The Chinatown Trunk Mystery: Murder, Miscegenation, and Other Dangerous Encounters in Turn-of-the-Century New York City, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005; K. Scott Wong, "The Eagle Seeks a Helpless Quarry: Chinatown, the Police, and the Press, The 1903 Boston Chinatown Raid Revisited", Amerasia Journal, 1996, 22 (3), pp. 81-103; Victor Jew, "Broken Windows: Anti-Chinese Violence and Interracial Sexuality in 19th Century Milwaukee", Asian Pacific American Genders and Sexualities, Thomas K. Nakayama, ed. Tempe, AR: Arizona State University, 1999. pp. 29-51. [13]CCCF 2005/183, 2005/1608. CCCF是指Chicago District Office, Chinese Exclusion Case Files (即 Chicago Chinese Case Files, 简称 CCCF) for District No. 9, Chicago, 1898-1940. [15]Susan Lee Moy, "The Chinese in Chicago: The First One Hundred Years, 1870-1970", MA thesis, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 1978, p. 43; Adam McKeown, Chinese Migrant Networks and Cultural Change, Peru, Chicago, Hawaii, 1900-1936, p. 212. [16]Thekla Ellen Joiner, Sin in the City: Chicago and Revivalism, 1880-1920, Columbia, MS: University of Missouri Press, 2007, p. 21. [17]Lizabeth Cohen, Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1990, pp. 13, 28. [18]Barbara M. Posadas, "Ethnic Life and Labor in Chicago's Pre-World-War-II Filipino Community", In Labor Divided: Race and Ethnicity in United States Labor Struggles, 1835-1960, Albany: SUNY Press, 1990, pp. 63-80. [19][20][40][47]《三民晨报》，1933年。 [21]CCCF 2205/182-E, 463. [22]CCCF 463. [23]《梅氏宗亲族谱》，台北：1991年，第111～113页。 [24]CCCF 616, 660. [25]CCCF 596. [26]CCCF 616, 617. [27][69]CCCF 360. [28]CCCF 365. [29][79][80]Madeline Y. Hsu, Dreaming of Gold, Dreaming of Home: Transnationalism and Migration between the United States and South China, 1882-1943, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000, p. 41. [30]CCCF 2005/1608. [31]CCCF 2005/183. [32]1998年12月17日笔者对梁安妮的访谈。 [33]Paul C. P. Siu, "Chinese Family in Chicago", E. W. B. Papers, The University of Chicago. [34]2002年8月3日理查德写给笔者的信。 [35][68]CCCF 375. [36]CCCE 2005/1603. [37]Chicago Daily Tribune, 1892. [41]CCCF 440; Paul C. P. Siu, "A Case of Assimilation", E. W. B. Papers, The University of Chicago, 1930. [42]CCCF 374; Chuimei Ho and Son Lon Moy (eds.), Chinese in Chicago, 1870-1945, Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2005, p. 43. [43][44][71]CCCF 374. [45][46][48][49]Chuimei Ho and Son Lon Moy (eds.), pp. 42, 43, 46, 44. [50][51]CCCF 405. [52]CCCF 2005/1614. [53]CCCF 2005/763. [54]CAMOC (Chinese American Museum of Chicago), 1893. [55]Christoff, Peggy Spitzer, Tracking the Yellow Peril: The INS and Chinese Immigrants in the Midwest, Rockland, ME: Picton Press, 2011; CAMOC, 1893. [56]Mae M. Ngai, "Transnationalism and the Transformation of the'Other'", American Quarterly, 2005, Vol. 57, No. 1 (March). [57]Chicago Daily Tribune 1893-A, Feb. 18, p. 10, 1893-B, May 20, p. 3; CAMOC, 1893. [58]CAMOC, 1933. [59]Clarence Glick, "The Chinese Migrant in Hawaii" , Ph. D. diss., University of Chicago, 1938. [60]Paul C. P. Siu, The Chinese Laundryman: A Study of Social Isolation, pp. 296-297. [61][82]CCCF 617. [62][73]CCCF 616. [63]CCCF 367. [64]CCCF 369. [65][72]CCCF 598. [66]2008年4月19日笔者对Lee David的访谈。 [67]CCCF 2005/171. [70]CCCF 2005/719. [74]Eliot F. Porter Jr. Paptrs, "Papers Relating to the Campaign to Save Sam Wah Laundry", Correspondence, 9 Folders, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, 1978-1986. [75]Gould's St. Louis Directry, 1872-1952; Polk' s St. Louis City Directory, 1955-1980. [76]CCCF 383. [78]CCCF 2005/171. [81]《新宁杂志》2006年第4期，第14～15页。 [83][84][85]笔者2007年7月在广东台山的田野调查。 [86]《台山县华侨志》，1992年，第120～127页。 (责任编辑：admin) |