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注释： ①J.S.Richardson,“Imperium Romanum:Empire and the Language of Power”,The Journal of Roman Studies,Vol.81(1991),pp.1～9; A.Erskine,Roman Imperialism,Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press,2010,pp.3～5. ②“防御性帝国主义”的论点首先在19世纪下半叶由德国学者蒙森提出，20世纪早期经法国学者奥洛(Maurice Holleaux,Rome,laGrèce et les monarchies hellénistiques au IIIe siècle avant J.-C.(273～205),Paris:E.de Boccard,1921)和美国学者腾尼·弗兰克(T.Frank,Roman Imperialism,New York:The Macmillan Company,1914)的深入论证，成为罗马史学界的主流观点。从20世纪70年代起，该观点却饱受质疑。著名古代史学者芬利和霍普金斯都驳斥了防御性帝国说，见M.I.Finley,“Empire in the Greco-Roman World”,Greece & Rome,Second Series,Vol.25,No.1(Apr.,1978),pp.1～15及E.Hopkins,Conquerors and Slaves:Sociological Studies in Roman History,Vol.1,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1978。罗马史学者哈里斯的论述影响最为深远(W.V.Harris,War and Imperialism in Republican Rome 327～70 BC,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1979)。他们强调罗马社会具有浓厚的军事氛围，通过战争追逐荣誉，通过扩张取得潜在的经济利益。此后，扩张性帝国主义的观点在学术界成为主流，几乎无人再否认罗马的扩张性。但一直有学者对这一观点进行修正，认为罗马的军事活动往往是非理性的恐惧心理作祟，或是罗马人把国家安全摆在与胜利的荣耀同等重要的地位，他们在行动上富于侵略性，同时仍坚信是以自身安全为重(J.Rich and G.Shipley eds.,War and Society in the Roman World,London & New York:Routledge,1993; S.P.Mattern,Rome and the Enemy:Imperial Strategy in the Principate,Berkeley and Los Angeles:University of California Press,1999)。 ③关于imperium的汉语表述素不统一：如“治权”，见[英]M.I.芬利著，晏绍祥、黄洋译：《古代世界的政治》，北京：商务印书馆，2013年；“谕令”、“统治权”、“号令权”等，见[德]特奥多尔·蒙森著，李稼年译，李澍泖校：《罗马史》(第一至五卷)，北京：商务印书馆，1994～2014年；如“治权”、“权力”，见[意]朱塞佩·格罗索著，黄风译：《罗马法史》，北京：中国政法大学，2009年。 ④J.Richardson,The Language of Empire:Rome and the Idea of Empire from the Third Century BC to the Second Century AD,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2008,p.57. ⑤R.Syme,The Roman Revolution,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1960,pp.313～6. ⑥F.W.Walbank et al.eds.,Cambridge Ancient History, ed.,Vol.7,Pt.2,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1989,pp.188～189. ⑦H.Beck,“Consular Power and the Roman Constitution:the Case of imperium Reconsidered”,in H.Beck et al.eds.,Consuls and Respublica:Holding High Office in the Roman Republic,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2011,pp.77～96. ⑧T.Corey Brennan,“Power and Process under the Republican Constitution”,in H.I.Flower ed.,The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2004,pp.36～41. ⑨Fred K.Drogula,“Imperium,Potestas,and the Pomerium in the Roman Republic”,Historia,Bd.56,H.4(2007),pp.419～452. ⑩H.Beck,“Consular Power and the Roman Constitution:the Case of imperium Reconsidered”,pp.91～4. (11)“在53年时间里，罗马权力取得进展。罗马的权力现在已被世界接受，所有人必须服从罗马人，听从他们的命令”，见Plb.,3.4.2～3,in Polybius,Vol.II,trans.by W.R.Paton,Loeb Classical Library,Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1989,p.10。 (12)Richardson,The Language of Empire:Rome and the Idea of Empire from the Third Century BC to the Second Century AD,p.44. (13)The Oxford Classical Dictionary,3rd edition,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1996,p.751～752,“imperium”辞条。 (14)Aulus Gellius,The Attic Nights,3.6.16,in Aulus Gellius,Attic Nights,Vol.I,trans.by J.C.Rolfe,Loeb Classical Library,Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1983,p.254. (15)Cicero,Rhetorica ad Herennium,4.13,in Cicero,Vol.I,trans.by H.Caplan,Loeb Classical Library,Cambridge MA:Harvard University Press,1981,p.260. (16)Cicero,Rhetorica ad Herennium,4.13,in Cicero,Vol.I,p.258. (17)Cicero,Pro Sexto Roscio Amerino,131,in Cicero,Vol.VI,trans.by J.H.Freese,Loeb Classical Library,Cambridge MA:Harvard University Press,1967,p.238. (18)Cicero,De Re Publica.,6.16,in Cicero,Vol XVI,trans.by C.W.Keyes,Loeb Classical Library,Cambridge MA:Harvard University Press,1977,p.268. (19)Richardson,The Language of Empire,p.56. (20)Andrew Lintott,“What was the ‘Imperium Romanum’?”,Greece & Rome,2nd Series,Vol.28,No.1(Apr.,1981),pp.53～67. (21)Livy,Ab Urbe Condita,36.41.5,in Livy,Vol.X,trans.by E.T.Sage,Loeb Classical Library,Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1989,p.274. (22)Livy,Ab Urbe Condita,38.60.5～6,in Livy,Vol.XI,trans.by E.T.Sage,Loeb Classical Library,Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1983,p.208. (23)Livy,Ab Urbe Condita,37.25.4～7,in Livy,Vol.X,p.362. (24)Pliny the Elder,Natural History,6.30.120,in Pliny,Vol.II,trans.by H.Rackham,Loeb Classical Library,Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1989,p.428. (25)Tacitus,Germania,29.1,in Tacitus,Vol.I,trans.by M.Hutton,Loeb Classical Library,Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1980,p.174. (26)Seneca,De Otio,4.1,in Seneca,Moral Essays,Vol.II,trans.by J.W.Basore,Loeb Classical Library,Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1996,p.186. (27)Andrew Erskine,Roman Imperialism,Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press,2010,p.6. (28)Richardson,The Language of Empire,p.49; J.S.Richardson,Hispaniae:Spain and Development of Roman Imperialism,218～82 BC,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1986,pp.3～10以西班牙行省为例，从其建立过程说明provincia内涵的变迁。 (29)Richardson,The Language of Empire,pp.15～17. (30)Richardson,The Language of Empire,pp.43～45. (31)“除非已经完成十年的服役期，否则没有人获准担任政治职务”，见Polybius,The Histories,6.19.4,in Polybius,Vol.I,trans.by W.R.Patton,Loeb Classical Library,Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1972,p.310。 (32)Polybius,The Histories,1.1.5～6,in Polybius,Vol.I,trans.by W.R.Paton,Loeb Classical Library,Cambridge MA:Harvard University Press,1979,pp.2～4. (33)参见第14页注释①。 (34)Polybius,The Histories,3.4.10～11,in Polybius,Vol.II,p.12. (35)Cicero,Against Verres,2.2,in Cicero,Vol.VII,trans.by L.H.G.Greenwood,Loeb Classical Library,Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1978,p.296. (36)参见P.A.Brunt,Italian Manpower 225 BC-AD 14,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1971,p.425，公元前200年—前168年意大利陆海军人数图表。E.Hopkins,Conquerors and Slaves:Sociological Studies in Roman History,Vol.1,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1978,p.4. (37)Hopkins,Conquerors and Slaves,p.30. (38)Hopkins,Conquerors and Slaves,p.11. (39)P.A.Brunt,“Laus Imperii”,in P.D.A.Garnsey and C.R.Whittaker eds.,Imperialism in the Ancient World,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1978,pp.161～4. (40)Polybius,The Histories,1.1.5,in Polybius,Vol.I,pp.2～4. (41)Richardson,Hispaniae:Spain and Development of Roman Imperialism,218～82 BC,pp.1～2. (42)Richardson,The Language of Empire,pp.61～62. (43)Thucydides,The Peloponnesian War,1.76.2,in Thycydides,Vol.I,trans.by C.F.Smith,Loeb Classical Library,Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1998,p.164. (44)M.I.Finley,“Empire in the Greco-Roman World”,Greece & Rome,Second Series,Vol.25,No.1(Apr.,1978),pp.1～15. (45)Harris,War and Imperialism in Republican Rome 327～70 BC,pp.2～3. (46)Brunt,“Laus Imperii”,pp.162～5. （本文刊于《古代文明》2016年第2期） (责任编辑：admin) |