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注释： ①Clarence E.Keiser,Patesi's of the Ur Dynasty,New Haven:Yale University Press,1919; Nikolaus Schneider,“Die hchsten Staats und Kultusbehrden”,Orientalia Series Prior,vol.45-46,1930; William W.Hallo,The Ensi's of the Ur III Dynasty,PhD thesis,University of Chicago,1953. ②Piotr Steinkeller,“The Administrative and Economic Organization of the Ur III State:The Core and the Periphery”,in McGuire Gibson and Robert D.Biggs(eds.),The Organization of Power:Aspects of Bureaucracy in the Ancient Near East,Chicago:Oriental Institute,1987,pp.22-23. ③Tohru Maeda,“The Defense Zone during the Rule of the Ur III Dynasty”,Acta Sumerologica,vol.14,1992,pp.135-172. ④Roger J.Matthews,Cities,Seals and Writing:Archaic Seal Impressions from Jemdet Nasr and Ur,Berlin:Gebr.Mann,1993; Piotr Steinkeller,“Archaic City Seals and the Question of Early Babylonian Unity”,in Tzvi Abusch(ed.),Riches Hidden in Secret Places:Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Memory of Thorkild Jacobsen,Winona Lake:Eisenbranns,2002,pp.249-257. ⑤Francesco Pomponio,“The Hexapolis of  ”,in Francesco Pomponio and Giuseppe Visicato(eds.),Early Dynastic Administrative Tablets of  ,Napoli:Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli,1994,pp.10-21.⑥参见王献华《两河流域早王朝时期作为地理概念的“苏美尔”》，《四川大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)2015年第4期。 ⑦Benjamin R.Foster,“Management and Administration in the Sargonic Period”,in Mario Liverani(ed.),Akkad:The First World Empire,Padova:Sargon srl,1993,pp.25-38; Aage Westenholz,“The Old Akkadian Period:History and Culture”,in Walther Sallaberger and Aage Westenholz(eds.),Mesopotamien:Akkade-Zeit und Ur III-Zeit,Freiburg:Universit  tsverlag,1999,pp.1-120.⑧关于古提人的统治，参见Douglas Frayne,The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia,Early Periods Volume 2:Sargonic and Gutian Periods(2334-2113 BC),Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1993,pp.219-230. ⑨Walther Sallaberger,“Ur III-Zeit”,in Walther Sallaberger and Aage Westenholz(eds.),Mesopotamien:Akkade-Zeit und Ur III-Zeit,Freiburg:Universit  tsverlag,1999,pp.121-392.⑩关于“巴拉”的释义，参见Marek Stepien,From the History of State System in Mesopotamia-The Kingdom of the Third Dynasty of Ur,Warsaw:Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego i Dyrekcje Instytutu Historycznego,2009,pp.85-89。 (11)由北到南分布如下：西帕尔省、阿哈省、乌如姆省、普什省、库特哈省、巴比伦省、基什省、卡扎鲁省、阿皮亚克省、马拉德省、尼普尔省、伊里萨格利格省、伊新省、阿达卜省、舒如帕克省、温马省、吉尔苏-拉伽什省、乌鲁克省和乌尔省。 (12)迪亚拉河流域的两个行省(埃什嫩那省和伊施姆舒乐吉省，均位于今伊拉克巴格达稍北部区域)，以及位于埃兰的苏萨省(今伊朗东南部)也有可能属于内省。这三个行省一方面缴纳巴拉税，另一方面也缴纳古恩马达税，所以它们是介于内省和外省之间，本文将其归为外省范畴。关于埃什嫩那省，参见Clemens Reichel,Political Changes and Cultural Continuity in the Palace of the Rulers of Eshnunna(Tell Asmar)from the Ur III Period to the Isin-Larsa Period,PhD diss,University of Chicago,2001。 (13)例如温马省有约50个城镇和村庄，其中较重要的有：阿姆利马、阿皮沙尔、阿萨如姆达基、丁提尔、伽尔沙纳、伽尔库如达、吉尔基什、伊杜拉、卡玛利、哈尔达黑、卡尔卡尔、马什坎、纳格苏、沙尔巴特、扎巴兰等，参见Marek Stepien,From the History of State System in Mesopotamia-The Kingdom of the Third Dynasty of Ur,Warsaw:Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego i Dyrekcje Instytutu Historycznego,2009,pp.56-57. (14)参见李治安《元代行省制度》，中华书局2011年版；张金铣《元代地方行政制度研究》，安徽大学出版社2001年版。 (15)William W.Hallo,“The House of Ur-Meme”,Journal of Near Eastern Studies,vol.31,No.2,1972,pp.87-95; Richard L.Zettler,“The Geneaology of the House of Ur-Me-me:a Second Look”,Archiv für Orientforschung,vol.31,1984,pp.1-9. (16)需要特别指出的是，在尼普尔省内，距离尼普尔城东南大约十公里处，是乌尔第三王朝国有的贡牲中心——普兹瑞什达干司(今伊拉克德莱海姆)，它虽然在地里上位于尼普尔省内，但是不归尼普尔省管辖，而是直属于中央政权的特殊机构。参见Changyu Liu,Organization,Administrative Practices and Written Documentation at  -Dagan during the Reign of Amar-Suen,PhD diss,Ruprecht-Karls-Universit t Heidelberg,2015；以及王光胜、吴宇虹《乌尔帝国阿马尔辛王的贡牲中心结构和总管研究》，《历史教学》2013年第18期。(17)Tohru Maeda,“The Defense Zone during the Rule of the Ur III Dynasty”,Acta Sumerologica,vol.14,1992,pp.165-172; Piotr Michalowski,“Foreign Tribute to Sumer during the Ur III Period”,Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Arch  ologie,vol.68,1978,pp.34-49.(18)Piotr Steinkeller,“The Administrative and Economic Organization of the Ur III State:The Core and the Periphery”,in McGuire Gibson and Robert D.Biggs(eds.),The Organization of Power:Aspects of Bureaucracy in the Ancient Near East,Chicago:Oriental Institute,1987,pp.28-29. (19)关于乌尔第三王朝外省情况，主要来源于普兹瑞什达干司的档案文献的资料，几乎没有从各个外省所在地出土的直接资料。 (20)Marek Stepien,From the History of State System in Mesopotamia-The Kingdom of the Third Dynasty of Ur,Warsaw:Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego i Dyrekcje Instytutu Historycznego,2009,pp.70; Tohru Maeda,“The Defense Zone during the Rule of the Ur III Dynasty”,Acta Sumerologica,vol.14,1992,pp.165-172. (21)Thorkild Jacobsen,“The Term Ensí”,Aula Orientalis,vol.9,1991,pp.113-121; Piotr Steinkeller,“On Rulers,Priests and Sacred Marriage:Tracing the Evolution of Early Sumerian Kingship”,in Kazuko Watanabe(ed.),Priests and Officials in the Ancient Near East,Heidelberg:Universit  tsverlag C.Winter,1999,pp.103-137.(22)Lance Allred,“The Tenure of Provincial Governors:Some Observations”,in Steven Garfinkle and Manuel Molina(eds.),From the 21st Century B.C.to the 21st Century A.D.:Proceedings of the International Conference on Sumerian Studies Held in Madrid 22-24 July 2010,Winona Lake:Eisenbrauns,2013,pp.115-123. (23)有关乌尔第三王朝的将军(“沙基那”)的情况，参见Albrecht Goetze,“  of the Ur III Empire”,Journal of Cuneiform Studies,vol.17,No.1,1963,pp.1-31.(24)Jacob L.Dahl,The Ruling Family of Ur III Umma,Leiden:Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten,2007,pp.33-44. (25)参见Marek Stepien,From the History of State System in Mesopotamia-The Kingdom of the Third Dynasty of Ur,Warsaw:Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego i Dyrekcje Instytutu Historycznego,2009,p.52。一说次于行省总督的官僚是神庙主管“沙卜拉”或“桑伽”，参见Tonia M.Sharlach,Provincial Taxation and the Ur III State,Leiden:Brill,2004,p.15。 (26)参见Tonia M.Sharlach,Provincial Taxation and the Ur III State,Leiden:Brill,2004。 (27)例如，拉伽什-吉尔苏省向中央缴纳谷类粮食，而温马省向中央缴纳大麦(Nik 2 264)之外，还缴纳芦苇(SACT 2 151)、木材(BIN 5 84)等，参见Kazuya Waekawa,“Agricultural Production in Ancient Sumer”,Zinbun,vol.13,1974,pp.51-53。 (28)甚至到第四王舒辛统治时期，为了加固外省防线，防止西方阿摩利人和东方埃兰人入侵，舒辛派王朝丞相(“大苏卡尔”)到外省兼任将军、总督，如阿拉德穆(或阿拉德南那)。 (29)Marek Stepien,From the History of State System in Mesopotamia-The Kingdom of the Third Dynasty of Ur,Warsaw:Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego i Dyrekcje Instytutu Historycznego,2009,pp.44-50. (30)关于亚述帝国的行省制度，参见国洪更《亚述行省制度探析》，《世界历史》2014年第6期。 (31)关于波斯帝国的行省制度，参见周启迪《试论波斯帝国的行省与总督》，《北京师范大学学报》(社会科学版)1995年第3期。 （本文刊于《社会科学》2017年第1期） (责任编辑：admin) |