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注释： ①E.P.Thompson,“The Grid of Inheritance”,in J.Goody,J.Thirsk and E.P.Thompson eds.,Family and Inheritance:Rural Society in Western Europe 1200-1800,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1976,p.340. ②B.Bushaway,By Rite:Custom,Ceremony and Community in England,1700-1880,London:distributed by Humanities Press,1982,p.209. ③Lawrence C.Becker,Property Rights:Philosophic Foundations,Boston:Routledge & Kegan Paul,1977,p.18. ④K.D.M.Snell,Annals of the Labouring Poor:Social Change and Agrarian England,1660-1900,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1985,p.243. ⑤E.P.Thompson,“The Grid of Inheritance”,in J.Goody,J.Thirsk and E.P.Thompson eds.,Family and Inheritance:Rural Society in Western Europe 1200-1800,p.340. ⑥例如，汤普逊就指出，拾穗权通常被看作是女性的特权，“一个农夫妻子的主要职责是饲养家畜、种植蔬菜、养蜂、修补衣物、储存食物、秋收时的帮手以及使用共同体中的家庭拾穗权等”。Olwen Hufton,“Letravail et la Famille”,in Arlette Farge and Natalie Zemon Davis eds.,Histoire des femmes en Occident,Vol.3,Paris:Plon,1991,p.42.但该观点受到了一些历史学家的质疑，他们认为，拾穗权应该是穷人的特权，这项权利与性别无关。如霍曼斯就指出：“秋收之后，穷人有进入庄稼地里拾穗的惯例权利。”G.C.Homans,English Villagers of the Thirteenth Century,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1941,p.372；库尔顿也认为：“捡拾庄稼是穷人的惯例权利，他们的这种权利无疑是被承认而又不受限制的。”G.G.Coulton,The Medieval Village,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1925,p.479.著名的乡村史学家奥尔特对上述两种观点都不赞同，他指出，拾穗权的实践主体既与性别无关也与贫困程度无关。因为按照中世纪的惯例，“既不是年幼的、年长的、年老体衰的和失去工作能力的人，也不是特定的农民(包括他的雇工和家人)”才拥有拾穗权，更没有明确指出“穷人可以拥有庄稼捡拾的特权”。W.O.Ault,Open-Field Farming in Medieval England:A Study of Village By-laws,London:Allen & Unwin Australia,1972,pp.27-32. ⑦F.Thompson,Lark Rise to Candleford:A Trilogy,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1948,p.26. ⑧W.Ellis,The Modern Husbandman,Or,the Practice of Farming,Vol.3:July-Sept,London,UK:Osbourne and Cooper,1744,p.35. ⑨F.Eden,The State of the Poor:An History of the Labouring Classes in England,from the Conquest to the Present Period,Vol.2,London:Cass,1966,p.547; D.H.Morgan,Harvesters and Harvesting,1840-1900:A Study of the Rural Proletariat,London:Croom Helm,1982,p.151. ⑩E.J.T.Collins,“Harvest Technology and Labour Supply in Britain,1790-1870”,The Economic History Review,Vol.22,No.3(Dec.,1969),p.462. (11)B.Bushaway,By Rite:Custom,Ceremony and Community in England,1700-1880,pp.143-144. (12)F.Eden,The State of the Poor:An History of the Labouring Classes in England,from the Conquest to the Present Period,p.546. (13)Arthur Young,General View of the Agriculture of the County of Essex,London:Printed by Richard Phillips,1807,pp.308-309. (14)Poor Law Commissioners' Peport of 1834:Copy of the Report Made in 1834 by the Commissioners for Inquiring into the Administration and Practical Operation of the Poor Laws,London:Printed for H.M.Stationery,1905,p.30. (15)J.Wilson,The Rural Cyclopedia or a General Dictionary of Agriculture,and of the Arts,Sciences,Instruments and Practices Necessary to the Farmer,Stockfarmer,Gardener,Forester,Landsteward,Farrier,& c.,Vol.2,Edinburgh:Fullarton & Co.,1852,p.455. (16)H.S.Homer,An Essay on the Nature and Method of Ascertaining the Specifick Shares of Proprietors,Upon the Inclosure of Common Fields with Observations Upon the Inconveniencies of Open Fields,Oxford:Printed for S.Parke,1769,p.25. (17)Arthur Young,General View of the Agriculture of the County of Essex,pp.308-309. (18)需要指出的是，英国农民家庭的年均收入各地区之间存在着一定的差别。它在很大程度上受到人均土地面积的大小、家庭内受雇佣人数的多少以及村庄所在地理位置的影响，一些地区农民家庭的年均收入要高于全国平均数的25％以上。参见W.Armstrong,“Labouring:Rural Population Growth,Systems of Employment and Incomes”,in G.E.Mingay,ed.,Agrarian History of England and Wales,Vol.6,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1988,pp.685,716-719. (19)Report of the Royal Commission on the Employment of Women and Children,Parliament Papers 1843,Vol.12,pp.16,65,233. (20)D.Davies,The Case of Labourers in Husbandry Stated and Considered,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1977,pp.160-163. 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