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注释： ①陈致中：《国际法院与海洋划界争端的解决》，载《中山大学学报(社会科学版)》，1997年S1期(增刊)，第171页；[苏]杰波罗夫：《国家间的海域划界是紧迫的国际法问题》，刘楠来译，载《环球法律评论》，1987年第5期，第27页。 ②Robert W.Smith,"The Maritime Boundaries of the United States," Geographical Review,Vol.71,No.4,1981,p.395. ③Mark B.Feldman and David Colson,"The Maritime Boundaries of the United States," American Journal of International Law,Vol.75,No.4,1981,p.737. ④加拿大于1977年1月1日颁布的地理坐标(geographic coordinates)划定了加拿大的渔业保护区界线。 ⑤Mark B.Feldman and David Colson,"The Maritime Boundaries of the United States," p.734. ⑥美国和加拿大还有一处争议水域就是西北航道(Northwest Passage)，该航道是由格陵兰岛经加拿大北部的群岛到阿拉斯加最后到白令海峡的航道，它是大西洋和太平洋之间距离最短的航道。加拿大认为西北航道是自己的国内水道，而美国认为西北航道是国际海路。参见中情局网站对世界各国概况的介绍，https://www.cia.gov/library/publications//the-world-factbook/geos/ca.html，Transnational Issues:Canda Panel:Disputes-international:retrieved 2016-05-03. ⑦陈道银：《加拿大北极安全事务决策分析》，载《上海交通大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》，2013年第4期，第51页；叶静：《加拿大北极争端的历史、现状与前景》，载《武汉大学学报(人文科学版)》，2013年第2期，第115-116页。 ⑧含有争议的珊瑚礁、浅滩等。 ⑨新浅滩(Bajo Nuevo Bank)也被译作巴霍努艾沃岛，又被称为海燕群岛(Petrel Islands)或派特来尔群岛，本文统一使用译自西班牙语的“新浅滩”这一称谓。 ⑩美国审计署提交众议院资源委员会的报告将美国的海外岛屿分为两类：一类是五个海岛地区(insular areas)，包括波多黎各(Puerto Rico)、维京群岛(Virgin Islands)、北马里亚纳群岛自由联邦(Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands,CNMI)和美属萨摩亚(American Samoa)和关岛(Guam)；另一类是九个小海岛地区(small insular areas)，包括贝壳岛(Baker Island)、豪兰岛(Howland Island)、贾维斯岛(Jarvis Island)、约翰斯顿岛(Johnston Atoll)、金曼礁(Kingman Reef)、中途岛(Midway Atoll)、帕迈拉环礁(Palmyra Atoll)、威克岛(Wake Island)和纳瓦萨岛(Navassa Island)。参见U.S.General Accounting Office,"U.S.Insular Areas:Application of the U.S.Constitution," November 1997,pp.8-10。参见美国审计署网站，http://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf，retrieved 2016-05-03. (11)Christina Duffy Burnett,"The Edges of Empire and the Limits of Sovereignty:American Guano Islands," American Quarterly,Vol.57,No.3,2005,p.782. (12)U.S.General Accounting Office,"U.S.Insular Areas:Application of the U.S.Constitution," p.9. (13)Ibid.,p.39. (14)Ibid.,p.47. (15)另根据中情局网站中对于世界各国概况的介绍，纳瓦萨岛的主权归属仍旧存在争议，参见https://www.cia.gov/library/publications//the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html,Transnational Issues:HATTI Panel:Disp-utes-international:retrieved 2016-05-03. (16)U.S.General Accounting Office,"U.S.Insular Areas:Application of the U.S.Constitution," p.39; available at:https://www.cia.gov/library/publications//the-world-factbook/geos/co.html,Transnational Issues:Colombia A Panel:Disputes-international:retrieved 2016-05-03. (17)David P.Riesenberg,"Territorial and Maritime Dispute(Nicaragua v.Colombia)(I.C.J.)," International Legal Materials,Vol.52,No.1,2013,p.27,para77. (18)U.S.General Accounting Office,"U.S.Insular Areas:Application of the U.S.Constitution," p.63. (19)荀彬：《2012-2013世界知识年鉴》，北京：世界知识出版社，2013年，第964页。 (20)Kelly,Stephen R,"Good Neighbors,Bad Border," New York Times,A.31,Nov 27,2012.另参见中央情报局网站对世界各国概况的介绍，https://www.cia.gov/library/publications//the-world-factbook/geos/ca.html,Transnational Issues:CanadaPanel:Disputes-international:retrieved 2016-05-03. (21)科恩群岛是美国1914年8月5日与尼加拉瓜签订条约获得的租期为99年的租借地。1970年7月14日，美国与尼加拉瓜签订条约，提前终止租约，条约于1971年4月25日生效。 (22)Ron E.Hassner,"The Path to Intractability Time and the Entrenchment of Territorial Disputes," International Security,Vol.31,No.3,2006/2007,p.108. (23)图瓦卢于1978年独立，基里巴斯于1979年独立。 (24)Tom Henderson Wells,"The Swan Islands Dispute," Journal of Inter-American Studies,Vol.6,No.1,1964,pp.63,57-59.另参见：https://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/disputedislands,retrieved 2016-05-03. (25)Tom Henderson Wells,"The Swan Islands Dispute," pp.65-66. (26)John L.Helgerson,"Getting to Know the President:Intelligence Briefings of Presidential Candi-dates,1952-2004" second edition,Center for the Study of Intelligence&Central Intelligence Agency,Wash-ington,DC,p.41.参见Chapter 2:Into Politics with Kennedy and Johnson,https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/getting-to-know-the-president/,retrieved 2016-05-03. (27)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_radio_in_Central_America_and_Caribbean_Sea,retrieved 2016-05-03. (28)Mark B.Feldman and David Colson,"The Maritime Boundaries of the United States," p.742. (29)Larman C.Wilson,"The Settlement of Boundary Disputes:Mexico,the United States,and the International Boundary Commission," The International and Comparative Law Quarterly,Vol.29,No.1,1980,p.38. (30)Mark B.Feldman and David Colson,"The Maritime Boundaries of the United States," p.734. (31)"U.S.-Mexico Continental Shelf Boundary in Gulf of Mexico," The American Journal of International Law,Vol.95,No.2,2001,p.393. (32)条约全称为Treaty to Resolve Pending Boundary Differences and Maintain the Rio Grande and Colorado River as the International Boundary。参见美国国务院网站：http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/125390.pdf,retrieved 2016-05-03.以及Mark B.Feldman and David Colson,"The Maritime Bound-aries of the United States," pp.740-743. (33)条约全称为Treaty on Maritime Boundaries Between the United States of America and the United Mexican State，该条约于1997年11月13日正式生效。参见美国国务院网站http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/125392.pdf,retrieved 2016-05-03. (34)条约全称为Treaty between the Government of the United Mexican States and the Government of the United States of America on the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf in the western Gulf of Mexico beyond 200 nautical miles，参见美国国务院网站http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/147388.pdf,retrieved 2016-05-03；以及"U.S.-Mexico Continental Shelf Boundary in Gulf of Mexico," The American Journal of International Law,Vol.95,No.2,2001,p.393. (35)边永民编著：《国际公法案例选》，北京：对外经济贸易大学出版社，2006年，第107-108页。 (36)"International Court of Justice:Case Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area(Canada/United States)" International Legal Materials,Vol.23,No.6,1984,p.1200,para.1. (37)Ibid.,pp.1204-1206,para.13. (38)Ibid.,pp.1242-1243,para.222. (39)边永民编著：《国际公法案例选》，第109页；"International Court of Justice:Case Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area(Canada/United States)," p.1244,para.227-229. (40)Bernard H.Oxman,"International Maritime Boundaries:Political,Strategic,and Historical Consi-derations," The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review,Vol.26,No.2,1994/1995,p.268. (41)"The Lobster Wars:An International Grey Area," The Economist,Oct 13,2007.available at http://www.economist.com/nede/9946864,retrieved 2016-05-03. (42)Joe O'Connor,"Puffin Wars:The Island Paradise at Centre of Last Canada-U.S.Land Dispute," National Post(Canada),November 28,2012. (43)比如加拿大对外事务和国际贸易部的发言人表示玛基亚斯海豹岛及其周围海域的主权属于加拿大，认为加拿大对上述区域的主权声索有相关国际法的有力支持，可参见Adam Huras,"MLA wants Machias Seal Island Back on Electoral Map," The Daily Gleaner,March 8,2013；美国国务院对每年坚持登岛宣示主权的美国公民诺顿(Norton)回信称“加拿大自然没有任何权力对于你使用美国领土施加任何限制。加拿大方面可能对玛基亚斯海豹岛设置的任何规定你都有权不理会”。可参见"Island at Center of Amicable Border Dispute," Portland Newspapers,Local & State,pg.3B,August 7,1996. (44)美国前驻加拿大外交官，现为杜克大学研究边界争议问题的教授Stephen Kelly认为美加两国应着手切实解决玛基亚斯海豹岛的主权之争，为国际社会做出榜样，表明争议方可以用和平与符合逻辑(logically)的方式解决领土争议问题。参见"The Last Land Dispute Between the U.S.and Canada," WNYC&PRI,Jul 30,2015,available at http://www.wnyc.org/story/last-land-dispute-between-us-and-canada/,retrieved 2016-05-03. (45)"Island at Center of Amicable Border Dispute," Portland Newspapers,Local & State,pg.3B,August 7,1996;"The Lobster Wars:An International Grey Area," The Economist,Oct 13,2007. (46)Ted L.McDorman,"Canada-United States Cooperative Approaches to Shared Marine Fishery Resources:Territorial Subversion?" Michigan Journal of International Law,Vol.30,2009,p.685. (47)Paul R.Hensel,"Contentious Issues and World Politics:The Management of Territorial Claims in the Americas,1816-1992," International Studies Quarterly,Vol.45,No.1,2001,pp.81-109. (48)[加]卡列维·霍尔斯蒂：《和平与战争——1648-1989年的武装冲突与国际秩序》，王浦劬译，北京：北京大学出版社，2005年，第268-269页。 (49)[美]罗伯特·基欧汉，小约瑟夫·奈：《权力与相互依赖》，门洪华译，北京：北京大学出版社，2002年，第107页，第158页。 (50)参见美国内政部网站关于美国之前存有争议岛屿(Formerly Disputed Islands)的介绍，https://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/disputedislands，登录时间：2016-05-03。 (51)Tom Henderson Wells,"The Swan Islands Dispute," p.68. (52)Richard Rubin,"The Lost Islands," Atlantic Monthly,Vol.287,No.2,2001,p.33. (53)U.S.General Accounting Office,"U.S.Insular Areas:Application of the U.S.Constitution," p.63，以及美国内政部网站对于威克岛的介绍：http://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/wakeatoll.cfm,retrieved 2016-05-03. (54)在缅因湾边界划定之后，美加两国进一步加强了对共享的渔业资源采取一致性的管理政策，以增加边界两侧的鱼群丰度，进行区域性渔业开发合作。参见李令华：《缅因湾内的“海牙线”》，载《海洋世界》，1997年第2期，第24页。 (55)Mark B.Feldman and David Colson,"The Maritime Boundaries of the United States," pp.736-737. (责任编辑：admin) |