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注释： [①] Jan Martin Lemnitzer, Power, Law and the End of Privateering, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, p. 19. [②] H. W. Malkin, “The Inner History of the Declaration of Paris,” British Yearbook of International Law, vol. 8 (1927), p. 2. [③] Joel I. Holwitt, “Execute Against Japan”: Freedom of the Seas, the U.S. Navy, Fleet Submarines, and the U.S. Decision to Conduct Unrestricted Warfare, 1919-1941, PhD diss., The Ohio State University, 2005, pp. 21-22. [④] John B. Moore, “A Great Secretary of State,” Political Science Quarterly, vol. 30, no. 3 (September 1915), p. 387. [⑤] 主要成果包括：Francis Piggott, The Declaration of Paris 1856, University of London Press LTD, 1919; H. W. Malkin, “The Inner History of the Declaration of Paris;” Olive Anderson, “Some Further Light on the Inner History of the Declaration of Paris,” Law Quarterly Review, vol. 76 (1960), pp. 379-385; Warren F. Spencer, “The Mason Memorandum and the Diplomatic Origins of the Declaration of Paris,” in Nancy N. Barker and Marvin L. Brown Jr., eds., Diplomacy in an Age of Nationalism: Essay in Honor of Lynn Marshall Case, Martinus Nijhoff, 1971, pp. 44-66; Charles I. Hamilton, “Anglo-French Seapower and the Declaration of Paris,” International History Review, vol. 4, no. 2 (May 1982), pp. 166-190. [⑥] Nicholas Parrillo, “The De-Privatization of American Warfare: How the U.S. Government Used, Regulated, and Ultimately Abandoned Privateering in the Nineteenth Century,” Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities, vol. 19, no. 1 (winter 2007), pp. 1-95. [⑦] Jan Martin Lemnitzer, Power, Law and the End of Privateering. [⑧] Francis Piggott, The Declaration of Paris, 1856, pp. 7-8. [⑨] 1798—1800年美法“准战争”、1812年英美战争的起因，均与美国的中立权利受到侵犯有关。 [⑩] 1780年2月，美国独立战争期间，在俄国女沙皇叶卡捷琳娜的倡导下，俄国、丹麦、瑞典等国发表“武装中立宣言”，提出了“中立船只可在交战国各口岸之间和交战国沿海自由航行”、“中立船中立货”、“有效封锁”等原则，与美国“1776年条约计划”不谋而合，大陆会议因此同意该宣言，并试图加入“武装中立同盟”。 [11] Francis Piggott, The Declaration of Paris, 1856, pp. 73-74. [12] “Document 8. A. The United States Minister in London to the United States Secretary of State,” London, February 24, 1854, in Francis Piggott, The Declaration of Paris, 1856, pp. 252-255. [13] “Document 8. D. The United States Minister in London to the United States Secretary of State,” London, March 24, 1854, in Francis Piggott, The Declaration of Paris, 1856, pp. 258-259. [14] “Document 8. C. The United States Minister in Paris to the United States Secretary of State,” Paris, March 22, 1854, in Francis Piggott, The Declaration of Paris, 1856, p. 257. [15] 所谓“1756年规则”是英国在英法“七年战争”期间推出的一项战争规则，规定凡在和平时期对外国船只关闭其殖民地贸易的交战国，在战时也不准向中立国开放此种贸易，违者以敌船论处，可以截获。英国声称该规则应视同国际法准则，并依靠皇家海军的公海控制权得以严格执行。 [16] “Document 100: The Secretary of State (Marcy) to the Minister in Great Britain(Buchanan),” Washington, April 13, 1854, in Calton Savage ed., Policy of the United States toward Maritime Commerce in War, vol. 1, 1776-1914, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1934, pp. 367-369. [17] “Document 103: The Secretary of State (Marcy) to the British Minister (Crampton),” Washington, April 28, 1854, in Calton Savage ed., Policy of the United States toward Maritime Commerce in War, vol. 1, 1776-1914, pp. 372-374. [18] “Marcy to Stoeckl,” April 14, 1854, in Alan Dowty, The Limits of American Isolations: The United States and the Crimean War, New York University Press, 1971, p. 78. [19] 有关“公约”全文可参见Hunter Miller ed., Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America, vol. 6, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1942, pp. 792-794. [20] Hunter Miller ed., Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America, vol. 6, pp. 809-810. [21] H. W. Malkin, “The Inner History of the Declaration of Paris,” p. 26. [22] Hunter Miller ed., Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America, vol. 6, p. 812. [23] Frank A. Golder, “Russian-American Relations During the Crimean War,” The American Historical Review, vol. 31, no. 3 (April 1926), pp. 462, 468. [24] Jan Martin Lemnitzer, Power, Law and the End of Privateering, pp. 55-56. [25] 1785年签署的《美普条约》不仅废止了战时禁运品，而且给予对方在与第三方发生战争时与平时一样的自由贸易权利；1809年、1828年的双边条约延续了上述规定。 [26] Hunter Miller ed., Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America, vol. 6, p. 813. [27] “The Second Annual Message ( of President Pierce) to Congress, December 4, 1854,” in James D. Richardson ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789-1897, vol. 5, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900, pp. 276-277. [28] H. W. Malkin, “The Inner History of the Declaration of Paris,” p. 25. [29] Jan Martin Lemnitzer, Power, Law and the End of Privateering, pp. 57-58. [30] C. H. Hamilton, “Anglo-French Seapower and the Declaration of Paris,” p. 180. [31] H. W. Malkin, “The Inner History of the Declaration of Paris,” pp. 6-7; 37. [32] Jan Martin Lemnitzer, Power, Law and the End of Privateering, p. 59. [33] 有关《巴黎宣言》的英文和法文文本，可参见Hunter Miller ed., Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America, vol. 6, pp. 828-830. [34] 有关《第24号议定书》的内容，可参见Hunter Miller ed., Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America, vol. 6, pp. 830-831. [35] Hunter Miller ed., Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America, vol. 7, p. 80; Hunter Miller ed., Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America, vol. 6, p. 841. [36] Hunter Miller ed., Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America, vol. 6, p. 840 [37] Jan Martin Lemnitzer, Power, Law and the End of Privateering, pp. 82-83. [38] “Wyllie to Gregg, 8 April 1857,” in Hunter Miller ed., Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America, vol. 7, p. 133. [39] Jan Martin Lemnitzer, Power, Law and the End of Privateering, p. 85. [40] Bernard Semmel, Liberalism and Naval Strategy: Ideology, Interest, and Sea Power during the Pax Britannica, Allen and Unwin, 1986, p. 71. [41] Jan Martin Lemnitzer, Power, Law and the End of Privateering, pp. 85-86. [42] “The Secretary of State (Marcy) to the Minister in Great Britain (Dallas),” Washington, January 31, 1857, in Calton Savage ed., Policy of the United States toward Maritime Commerce in War, vol. 1, 1776-1914 , pp. 396-399. [43] “House of Commons, 9 March 1857,” vol. 144, pp. 2083—2094, https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1857/mar/09/second-reading，2019年4月29日。 [44] 美国宪法第一条第八款规定，国会有权“颁发捕获敌船许可状，制定关于陆上和水上捕获的条例”。 [45] Francis R. Stark, The Abolition of Privateering and the Declaration of Paris, Columbia University Press, 1897, pp. 149-150. [46] “The Secretary of State (Cass) to the Minister in Great Britain (Dallas), Washington, April 3, 1857,” in Calton Savage ed., Policy of the United States toward Maritime Commerce in War, vol. 1, 1776-1914, p. 399. [47] Jan Martin Lemnitzer, Power, Law and the End of Privateering, p. 92. [48] Alan Dowty, The Limits of American Isolation: The United States and the Crimean War, pp. 230-231; 233. [49] Jan Martin Lemnitzer, Power, Law and the End of Privateering, p. 92. [50] Ivor D. Spencer, The Victor and Spoils: A Life of William L. Marcy, Brown University Press, 1959, p. 386. [51] Ivor D. Spencer, The Victor and Spoils: A Life of William L. Marcy, p. 386. [52] “Fourth Annual Message (of President Pierce to Congress), December 2, 1856,” in James D. Richardson ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789-1897, vol. 5, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1897, p. 413. [53] “Second Annual Message (of President Tyler to Congress), December 2, 1856,” in James D. Richardson ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789-1897, vol. 4, Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1900, p. 196. [54] “The Secretary of State (Marcy) to the French Minister (Sartiges), Washington, July 28, 1856,” in Calton Savage ed., Policy of the United States toward Maritime Commerce in War, vol. 1, 1776-1914, pp. 383-386. [55] Walter Russell Mead, Special Providence: American Foreign Policy and How It Changed the World, Knopf, 2001, pp. 182-194. [56] Craig L. Symonds, Navalists and Antinavalists: The Naval Politics Debate in the United States, 1785-1827, University of Delaware Press, 1980, pp. 12-14. [57] Walter Russell Mead, Special Providence: American Foreign Policy and How It Changed the World, p. 193. [58] Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Enlarged Edition), The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1992, pp. 112-116; 354-358. [59] “The Secretary of State (Marcy) to the French Minister (Sartiges), Washington, July 28, 1856,” in Calton Savage ed., Policy of the United States toward Maritime Commerce in War, vol. 1, 1776-1914, pp. 387-388. [60] “The Second Annual Message (of President Pierce) to Congress, December 4, 1854,” p. 276. [61] “The Secretary of State (Marcy) to the French Minister (Sartiges), Washington, July 28, 1856,” in Calton Savage ed., Policy of the United States toward Maritime Commerce in War, vol. 1, 1776-1914, pp. 385, 390, 391. [62] Edwards S. Corwin, “The Freedom of the Seas,” The North American Review, vol. 209, no. 758 (January 1919), p. 34; John H. Latané, “The Freedom of the Seas,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 84 (July 1919), p. 163. [63] Nicholas Parrillo, “The De-Privatization of American Warfare: How the U.S. Government Used, Regulated, and Ultimately Abandoned Privateering in the Nineteenth Century,” pp. 51-53. [64] 曲升：《从海洋自由到海洋霸权：威尔逊海洋政策构想的转变》，《世界历史》2017年第3期，第11—12页。 [65] “The Secretary of State (Marcy) to the French Minister (Sartiges), Washington, July 28, 1856,” in Calton Savage ed., Policy of the United States toward Maritime Commerce in War, vol. 1, 1776-1914, pp. 382, 391. [66] Nicholas Parrillo, “The De-Privatization of American Warfare: How the U.S. Government Used, Regulated, and Ultimately Abandoned Privateering in the Nineteenth Century,” p. 62. [67] Jan Martin Lemnitzer, Power, Law and the End of Privateering, pp. 176, 189. [68] Samuel Flagg Bemis ed., The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy, vol. 5-6, Cooper Square Publishers, Inc, 1963, p. 285. 勒恩德是马西卷的作者。 [69] Jan Martin Lemnitzer, Power, Law and the End of Privateering, pp. 1-9. (责任编辑：admin) |