关于元代泾渠的灌溉面积,文献记载的差别很大。据《元史·河渠志二》,英宗至治元年(1321),陕西屯田府言,泾渠“浇溉官民田七万余亩”;而在文宗天历二年(1329),陕西省准屯田府又认为是:“分流浇溉民田七万余顷”。二者一字不同,而灌田面积却相差百倍。不过,细究起来,二种观点皆不可信,一失之小,一偏于大。《元史·河渠志三》记载有王御史渠修成后的浇灌面积,谓“凡溉农田四万五千余顷”,此也失之偏大。从渠首新开断面尺寸及渠系仍循旧制来看,其灌溉面积不会大于唐宋时代。李好文《长安志图》所载似乎最为可信,其曰:“旧日渠下可溉五县地九千余顷,……即今五县地亦开遍,大约不下七八千顷”〔28〕。明人项忠也认为泾渠溉田数,“至元犹溉八千顷”〔29〕。从洪堰引水至多达到120徼来看,元代实际灌溉面积在七八千顷是较为可信的。因为泾河河道下切的自然原因,引水越来越困难。故元代王御史建成后的最大灌田规模估计也不会超过此数。 明代直接上承的是元王御史渠,据相关文献记载,明代较大规模地整治引泾工程,至少进行了六次。第六次整治工作议于明英宗天顺八年(1464),开工于宪宗成化元年(1465),竣工于宪宗成化十七年(1481),是明代历次修治泾渠工程中用工最多、历时最长、工程规模最大、灌溉效益最好的一次。此举发动了引泾灌区内的醴泉、泾阳、三原、高陵、临潼、富平六县人民参与其事。渠段的大部分是仍旧迹疏通之。而原渠口位置则因泾河向下切蚀使河床低深,渠口相对显得高仰而难以进水,成为影响洪渠入水量严重不足的主要制约因素。这次更上移渠口,然渠口上移则要穿凿大、小二龙山。二龙山的石质非常坚硬,故在工程进行中,每遇刚顽之石,则聚火镕铄而穿窦,工程艰巨异常,也极耗费工时。此项工程先由右副都御史陕西巡抚项忠主持修凿,未竞工而项忠被召还朝。成化十二年(1476),继由右都御史陕西巡抚余子俊赓续其后,前后“积十七年之久始告竣”,改名为广惠渠,凡溉泾阳、三原等六县田八千三百余顷〔30〕。 明代后期凿广惠渠石渠时,就遇到了许多泉源,当时聚之天涝池,以冲淤沙,清理渠道,史称“元、明疏泉以行淤,如筛珠、碧玉、鸣翠诸泉汇为天涝池,迨余子俊凿龙眼泉,其颠浚巨井,龙洞之名昉焉”〔31〕。余子俊于明成化年间续修广惠渠,凿大小龙山,得泉源多处,后广惠渠修成,“决去淤塞,遂引泾入渠,合渠中泉水深八尺余,下流入大渠,汪洋如河”〔32〕。如此看来,引泾与聚泉汇入渠中在明代已经是普通的事实‘这为清乾隆时拒泾引泉奠定了基础。 清代前期多次对明代所建的广惠渠进行维修,由于明广惠渠首已深入泾谷深处,河谷相对狭窄,每年汛期,洪水泛涨,辄壅入渠道,导致泥沙淤积,石洞充塞,渠利不行,修疏起来特别费力。而凿石洞时所得诸泉流量稳定。“嗣后凿石渠深入数丈,得泉源焉,瀵涌而出,四时不竭,如银汉之落九天,而星海之泛重渊也。异哉!初本为溯泾,至此匪竟另辟一泾了。不假夫泾,天造地设欤?人力欤?异哉!〔33〕”且泉水清澈,又无淤渠之虞。于是翰林侍读学士世臣建议拒泾专引泉源。经陕西巡抚商议,决定置坝龙洞北口,阻遏泾水勿令淤渠,并于水磨桥、大王桥、庙前沟等地整修堤岸,聚龙洞泉、筛珠泉、琼珠泉及其他诸泉源,汇流渠中。乾隆二年(1737)十一月动工,二年后完成。从此开始了“拒泾引泉”的历史,改称“龙洞渠”〔34〕。 清龙洞渠拒泾引泉后,引水量大大减少,泉水最大流量不足每秒2立方米〔35〕。引水量的减少,导致龙洞渠灌溉面积锐减,其初建时,溉田74032亩。较历史时期引泾灌溉规模何异天壤〔36〕。随着龙洞渠溉田面积的缩小,其受益范围由唐宋时期的七县,减少到4县,而且主要集中于泾阳县。据蒋湘南《泾渠后志》记载,道光二十二年(1842)龙洞渠共有斗门106个,共溉田67039亩,其中泾阳县56697亩,占总数的84%;高陵、礼泉、三原三县各不足4000亩〔37〕。 秦郑国渠开创的的引泾水利工程历史悠久,规模很大,基本没有间断地发展下来。从秦(郑国渠)、汉(郑渠、六辅渠、白渠),经唐(三白渠)、宋(丰利渠)、明(广惠渠)、清(龙洞渠),直到近现在的泾惠渠,基本是一脉相承,始终为关中平原也可以说是中国北方最重要的灌溉系统。是秦郑国渠的历史意义值得我们深入研究。 On Evolution and Development of Zhengguo Irrigation Canal Li Ling-fu ( Research Center for Historical Environment and Socio - Economic Development of Northwest China ,Shaanxi Normal University , Xi’an710062 , Shaanxi , China) The year 246 BC, Zhengguo irrigation canal which started from Hukou,drew the water from Jing river,along the Bei mountain,eastbounded,then discharged itself into Luo river。 As a large inter-basin irrigation project built by the people of Qin, which was characterized by pouring the land with silts。But Liufu irrigation canal of Western Han Dynasty changed its characters。Bai irrigation canal located in the south of Zhengguo,which formed the two main canals in north and south that both pouring water from the Jing River。After that, Bai irrigation canal got the same important position as Zhengguo irrigation canal。They had been often called as Zheng and Bai irrigation canals。After the middle of Tang Dynasty,the north part of Zhengguo irrigation canal decreased to some small and medium-sized irrigation ones, such as Qing、Zhuo、Qi and Ju,which were all individual canals。 On the contrary,the south part as Bai irrigation canal had been ameliorated because of the building of Pengcheng Yan and Sanxian Zha,both used as water diverting project。The courses of Sanbai canal were basically fixed。Then lots of canals followed the path。Such as Fengli canal of Song Dynasty and Wangyu Shi canal of Yuan Dynasty。Although the irrigating gate of Guanghui canal of Ming Dynasty stretched all its way to river valley and upland and Qinglong Dong canal poured water from the spring but not the Jing river。 The four canals‘ paths of lower reaches of the four canals were all followed the courses of Sanbai irrigation canal。As the result they can all be viewed as the evolution of Zheng and Bai irrigation canals。As for a largescale water conservancy,Zhengguo irrigation canal that had been serviceable for about two thousand years was unique in the north of ancient China。
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