采用积极的教学方法可能会取得深入的研究:教学变成了历史学专题研讨会,通过讨论会使学生接触到历史学家们的著作,进而培养他们的批判能力。这些研究将被构建为独立的学习模件,因而具有可替换性;运用历史学或跨学科研究方法把具体操作层面(鼓励学生查找史料或叙述性原始资料、图像材料和史学著作)与特定的历史主题结合起来。因而,它不仅可能使核心课程中一些主题(譬如罗马帝国或明代中国)的研究得以深化,而且还能处理跨越长时段的主题,譬如人口、疾病、宗教、气候和美术。在我看来,尽管美术常常受到忽视,但它却是建立世界史框架的一个重要的教学资源。的确,通过强调旧石器时代以来的艺术是如何表现了整个人类社会的永恒特征,教师将帮助学生认识到全人类文化的价值,同时超越野蛮人与文明人之间,或是原始社会与发达社会之间的根深蒂固的差别。展示不同社会在特定时间内的艺术产品的球体投影图是一种有效的教育手段。最后,教师在基础课程中可以运用各种学习模件,诸如人口统计学、气候学和海上与陆上贸易图,向学生展示跨越许多时代的漫长的时间进程。 毫无疑问,向学生展示跨越许多时代的漫长的时间进程。在整个教学计划中,不论是讲授一年还是更多年的历史,都必须在课程的两个层次间保持持续的联系,并且历史课程的各部分必须随着时间的推移而有效地层开,以避免出现史实断裂或重复。 注释: ①有关史学著作的全面评述参见帕特里克·曼宁(PATRICK MANNING)"Navigating World History. Historians Create a Global Past", New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. ②参见ULRICH BECK, "Der kosmopolitische Blick oder: Krieg ist Frieden", Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, 2004. ③Access to Excellence. A Report of the Commission on the Future of the Advanced Placement Program, The College Board, 2001. The number of the world history Advanced Placement exams has regularly risen every year from 20.955 in 2002 (when they first took place)to 64.207 in 2005. ④参见PETER LAUTZAS的报告,Geschichtskultur im Umbruch: Neue Standards und global orientiertes Geshichtsbewusstseins. Eine Sektion des 45. Deutschen Historikertages in Kiel, in"Internationale Schulbuchforschung-International Textbook Research", XXVI(2004), n. 4, pp. 452-455. ⑤对于火的应用年代问题争议颇多,参见CATHERINE PERL{K5R301.JPG}S, Préhistoire du feu, Paris-New York-Barcelone-Milan, Masson, 1977; STEVEN R. JAMES, Hominid Use of Fire in the Lower and Middle Pleistocene. A Review of the Evidence,in "Current Anthropology", vol. 30, N. 1, February 1989, pp. 1-26; L. MEIGNEN, O. BAR YOSEF, P. GOLDBERG, S. WEINER, Le feu au paléolithique moyen: recherches sur les structures de Combustion et le statut des foyers. L' exemple du Proche-orient, in"Paléorient", XXVI/2 (2000), pp. 9-22. 【参考文献】 [1]JACQUES DELORS. Learning: The Treasure within. Report to the UNESCO of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty-first Century[R]. UNESCO, 1996. [2]GILBERT ALLARDYCE. Toward World History: American Historians and the Coming of the World History Course[J]. in "Journal of World History "I (1990), n. 1, qui p. 31. [3]GARY B. NASH. CHARLOTTE CRABTREE, ROSS E. DUNN, History on Trial. Culture Wars and the Teaching of the Past, Alfred A. Knopp, New York, 1999. [4]National Standards for History[Z]. Basic Edition, National Center for History in the Schools, Los Angeles, 1996. [5]LUIGI CAJANI. A World History curriculum for the Italian school[J]. in "World History Bulletin", vol. ⅩⅥⅡ, n. 2, Fall 2002. [6]GIUSEPPE RICUPERATI. A proposito di "Whose History?", e di uso pubblico della storia. Lo scontro sui piani di studio negli Stati Uniti(e in Italia), in "Rivista storica italiana" CXV(2003)。 [7]PAOLO CONTI. Villari: caro ministro, ecco perché la tua riforma è sbagliata, in "Corriere della sera", February, 13th 2001, quoted by CAJANI, A World History curriculum… [8]MATTHIAS MIDDEL. SUSANNE POPP, HANNA SCHISSLER, Weltgeschichte in deutschen Geschichtsunterricht. Argumente uns Thesen, in "Internationale Schulbuchforscuhng-International Textbook Research", XXV(2003), nn.1-2. [9]ERNST TROELTSCH. Der Historismus und seine Probleme[M]. Tübingen, Mohr, 1922. [10]Carl August Schr{K5R302.JPG}der. Die Schulbuchverbesserung durch internationale geistige Zusammenarbeit, Braunschweig, Georg Westermann Verlag, 1961. [11]ANTONIO BRUSA, Histoire-récit,histoire-image: les déplacements de la rhétorique. Les cartes et les mythes fondateurs, in "Internationale Schulbuchforschung-International Textbook Research", XIX(1997), n. 4. [12]DEILEF MITTAG. Schulgeschichtsatlanten-eine Quelle ethnozentrischer Selbstbilder?in"Internationale Schulbuchforschung-International Textbook Research", XXI(1999), n. 3.
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