注释：
    ①Adams,Robert McC.The Evolution of Urban Society.Chicago andNew York:Aldine-Atherton,1966,pp.20.
    ②ibid,21-22.
    ③Chang,Kwang-chih.The Origin of Chinese of Civilization:Areview.Journal of the American Oriental Society 98（1978）：85-91.
    ④Chang,Kwang-chih.The Archaeology of Ancient China.3d ed.NewHeven and London:Yale University Press,1977;Cheng,Te-K'un.TheBeginning of Chinese Civilization Antiquity 47（1973）：197-209.Sullivan,Michael.The Arts of China,rev.ed.Berkeley snd Los Angeles:University of California Press,1977;Sickman L.and Soper,A.The Art and Architecture of China.Penguin Books,1971.
    ⑤Daniel,Glyn.The first Civilizations.New York:Crowell,1968;Fagan,Brian.People of the Earth.Boston:Little,Brown＆Co,1977.
    ⑥Fried,M.H.The Evolution of Political Society.New York:RankomHouse,1967;Service,E.Origin of the State and Civilization.New York:Norton,1974.
    ⑦Triffer,B.G.Time and Traditions:Essays in ArchaeologicalInterpretation.New York:Columia University Press,1978,pp.227.
    ⑧Ibid,pp.227.
    ⑨Reed,Charles A.A Model for the Origin of Agriculture in theNear East.In Origins of Agriculture,C.A.Reed,ed,pp.543-567.
    ⑩Ho,Ping-ti.The Cradle of the East.Hongkong:The Chinese University of Hongkong and the University of Chicago Press,1975,pp.362.
    （11）ibid,pp.xiv.
    （12）Keightley,David N.Ho Ping-ti and the Origin of the ChineseCivilization.Harvardjournal of Asiatic Studies 37（1977）：381-411,pp.411.
    （13）Ho,Ping-ti.The Cradle of the East,pp.xv.
    （14）Flannery,Kent V.The Cultural Evolution of Civilizations.Annual Review of Ecology and Systemtics 3 （1972）：399-426,pp.403-404.
    （15）Sanders,W.T.Chiefdom to state:Political Evolution at Kaminaljuyu,Guatimala.In Reconstructing Complex Societies,C.B.Moore,ed.Supplement to the Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research,no,20.Cambridge,Mass:American School of Oriental Research,1974,pp.109.
    （16）Friedman,Jonathan.Tribes,States,and Transformations.In:Marxist Analysis and Social Anthropology,M.Block,ed.London:Malaby Press,1975,pp.195.For other recent discussion of the Asiaticstate,see Centre d,Etudes et de Recherdches marxistes,Sur le mode de production Asiatique;Perry Anderson,Lineages of the Absolute State.
    （17）Childe,G.The Unban Revolution,Town planning Review 21.no.l（1950）：3-17
    （18）Kraeling,Carl H.and Robert McC.Adems eds.City Invincible.Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1960.
    （19）Braidwood,Robert J.and Gordon R.Willey eds.Courses TowardUrban Life.Chicago:Aldine,1962.
    （20）Piffort,Stuart.ed.The Dawn of Civilization.New York:McGraw-Hill,1961.
    （21）Daniel,Glyn.The First Civlizations.
    （22）Carneiro,Robert L.The Theory of the Origin of the State.Science 169（1970）：733-738;Service,E.R.Origins of the State andCivilization;Cohen,R,and E.R.Service eds.Origins of the State:TheAnthropology of Political Evolution.Philadephia:Institute for thestudy of Human Issues,1978.
    （23）参看佟柱臣：《从二里头类型文化试谈中国的国家起源问题》，（《文物》，1975年六期。）等文。
    （24）Wright,H.Recent Research on the Origin of the State.AnnualReview of Anthropology 6（1977）：379-397,pp.382,385.
    （25）Triffer,B.G.Inequality and Communication in EarlyCivilizations.Anthropologican.s.17（1976）：27-56,pp.36.
    （26）Pfeiffer,J.E.The Emergence of Civilization.New York:McGraw-Hill,1977,pp.470.