西方历史学家对早期近代欧美的公共场所,像咖啡馆、酒店、沙龙等进行过相当深入的研究。他们特别注意人们的“公共生活”--即家庭圈子之外的活动,认为这些地方给相识和不相识的人提供了社交场合。这种消闲商业以服务顾客为宗旨,并不一定只为社会上层服务,工人阶级也是他们争取的对象。这些公共场所实际上是整个社会的缩影,而且经常卷入政治和阶级斗争中。因此,它们也往往成为社会改良和社会控制的对象(注:有关研究参见Richard Sennett,The Fall of Public Man:On the Social Psychology of Capitalism(New York:Vintage Books,1977):Perry Duis,The Saloon:Public Drinking in Chicago and Boston,1880-1920(Urbana:University of Illinois Press,1983);Thomas Brennan,Public Drinking and Popular Culture in Eighteenth-Century Paris(New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1988);Francis Couvares,"The Triumph of Commerce:Class Culture and Mass Culture in Pittsburgh,"in Michael Frisch and Daniel Walkowitz(eds.)Working-Class America:Essays on Labor,Community,and American Society(Chicago:University of Illinois Press,1983);Susan Davis,Parades and Power:Street Theatre in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia(Berkeley:University of California Press,1988);Christine Stansell,City of Women:Sex and Class in New York,1789-1860(New York:Alfred A.Knopf,Inc.,1986);and John Kasson,Amusing the Million:Coney lsland at the Turn of the Century(New York:Hill & Wang,1978)。 中国茶馆与西方的咖啡馆、酒店和沙龙有许多相似之处,而且其社会角色更为复杂,其功能已远远超出休闲范围,追求闲逸只是茶馆生活的表面现象。茶馆既是休闲娱乐之地,又是各种人物的活动舞台,而且经常成为社会生活和地方政治的中心。本文将以成都为对象,考察茶馆这个20世纪初中国最基本的经济文化单位,探索这一转折时期城市社会、公众日常生活以及政治生活的演化和变迁(注:中国饮茶的传统很早即为西方和日本的旅行者所注意。在他们的旅行记、调查以及回忆录中,经常描述他们关于茶馆的深刻印象。见Robert Fortune,Two Visits to the Tea Countries of China(2 vols.London:John Murray,1853);Robert Davidson and Iason Mason,Life in West China:Described By Two Residents in the Province of Sz-chwan(London:Headley Brothers,1905);George Hubbard,The Geographic Setting of Chengdu(Oberlin:Oberlin College,1923);William Sewell,The People of Wheelbarrow Lane(South Brunswick and New York:A.S.Barnes and Company,1971);Brockman Brace(ed.),Canadian School in West China(Published for the Canadian School Alumni Association,1974);John Service,Golden Inches:The China Memoir of Grace Service(Berkeley:University of California Press,1989);中村作治郎:《支那漫游谈》(切思会,1899年);井上红梅:《支那风俗》(东京日本堂,1920年);东亚同文会:《支那省别全志》卷5,《四川省》(东京东亚同文会,1917年)。西方学者已有一些研究中国茶文化和茶馆的成果,如Walter Meserve and Ruth Meserve,"From Teahouse to Loudspeaker:The Popular Entertainer in the People's Republic of China,"Journal of Popular Culture Vol.8(1979),No.1;John Evans,Tea in China:The History of China's National Drink(New York:Greenwood Press,1992);竹内实:《茶馆--中国の风土と世界像》(东京大修馆书店,1974年);内藤利信:《住んでみた成都--蜀の国に见る中国の日常生活》(东京サイマル出版会,1991年);西泽治彦:《饮茶の话》GS-Tanoshii chisiki Vol.3(1985年)和《现代中国の茶馆--四川成都の事例かる》《风俗》26卷(1988年),4期;铃木智夫:《清末江浙の茶馆について》《历史にぉける民众と文化--酒井忠夫先生占稀祝贺纪念论集》(东京,1982年)。不少美国的中国城市史学者指出了茶馆的社会功能,但并没有进行深入研究,参见William Skinner,"Marketing and Social Structure in Rural China,"The Journal of Asian Studies Vol.24(1964),No.1;Gail Hershatter,The Workers of Tianjin(Stanford:Stanford University Press,1986);William Rowe,Hankow:Conflict and Community in a Chinese City,1796-1895(Stanford:Stanford University Press,1989);David Strand,Rickshaw Beijing:City People and Politics in the 1920s(Berkeley:University of California Press,1989);Elizabeth Perry,Shanghai on Strike:The Politics of Chinese Labor(Stanford:Stanford University Press,1993);Frederic Wakeman,Policing Shanghai,1927-1937(Berkeley:University of California Press,1995);Bryna Goodman,Native Place,City,and Nation:Regional Netwcrks and Identities in Shanghai,1853-1937(Berkeley:University of California Press,1995)。中国学者也有不少关于茶文化的作品,但多限于文化介绍而非历史分析,如陈锦《四川茶铺》,四川人民出版社,1982年;冈夫《茶文化》,中国经济出版社,1995年。
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