五、结语 军功授地制度的发展演变,同美国整个国家政治发展演变是一致的。在建国初期,国 家政治控制权由东部沿海诸州把持,对军功授地则采取严格控制原则。随着西部的开发 ,以及东部沿海诸州又分为南部和北部,西部迅速成为国家政治舞台上一支重要力量, 而且往往发挥着比它自身力量更大的作用。西部成为南北政治斗争中的一个重要砝码。 西部站在哪一方,哪一方就会在国家政治斗争中占有优势。对待土地的态度,就是对待 西部的一个试金石。在1840年以前,南部基本上赞成慷慨的土地政策,由此获得了西部 的支持,因而在国家政治生活中一直占有优势地位。约翰·昆西·亚当斯为此曾忿忿不 平,指责南部奴隶主用土地贿赂西部[20](pp.26~27)。1840年以后,随着北部民主政 治的发展,特别是在反对奴隶制的斗争中,北部把争取免费土地的斗争作为反对奴隶制 斗争的一个重要内容,这就使北部和西部逐渐走到一起。与此同时,南部逐渐趋于保守 和顽固,南部同西部越来越疏远,1860年前的几个免费土地法案都因以南部为主的民主 党人的反对或因民主党总统的否决而未能获得通过[21](pp.235~236)。西部同工业的 东北部的结合,保证了越来越慷慨的军功授地法案的顺利通过,也保证了北部在美国南 北内战中的胜利。 1862年《宅地农场法》(Homestead Act)①(注:国内学者习惯将此法案译作《宅地法 》,而汉语中的“宅地”二字,很容易让人误认为它就是建筑房屋用的宅基地,而《宅 地法》中的“宅地”有两种含义,一是“宅”,另一是“地”,而核心是“地”,即用 于耕作的家庭农场。汉语概念中的“宅地”,“宅”是主要的,地是次要的,与《宅地 法》中的“宅地”的概念正相反。因此,笔者将此法案译作《宅地农场法》。)通过后 ,任何人只要申请,都可免费得160英亩的国家土地,军功授地作为免费得到土地的一 个手段,已经完成了它的历史使命。 【参考文献】 [1]Donaldson,Thomas C.,“The Public Lands of the United States”,The NorthAmerican Review,September,1881,No.298,http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/moa/bo rowse.author/d.103.html [2]Gates,Paul W.,The Farmer’s Age,Agriculture 1815-1860,M.E.Sharpe,Inc.,Ar monk,New York,1960. [3]Treat,Payson Jackson,The National Land System,1785-1820,first publishedin 1910,Reissued by Russell & Russell,A Division of Antheneum House,Inc.,NewYork,1967. [4]Hibbard,Benjamin Horace,A History of the Public Land Policy,The Macmilla n Company,New York,1924. [5]Farnam,Henry W.,Chapters in the History of Social Legislation in the Uni ted States to 1860,Published by Carnegie Institution of Washington,Washingto n,1938. [6]马克垚。英国封建社会研究[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1992. [7]Rohrbough,Malcolm J.,The Land Office Business,The Settlement and Adminis tration of American Public Land,1789-1837,Wadsworth Publishing Company,Belm ont,California,1990. [8]Billington,Ray Allen,The Westward Movement in the United States,D.Van No strand Company,Inc.,1960. [9]Macdonald,William,ed.,with Notes,Documentary Source Book of American His tory 1606-1913,The Macmillan Company,New York,1924. [10]Dowies,K.G,ed.Documents of the American Revolution1770-1783(Colonial Of fice Series)Vol.IX Transcripts.1775 January to June,Irish University Press,D ublin,Ireland 1975. [11]Journals of the Continental Congress-In Thirty-four Volumes,1774-1789,h ttp://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lwjclink.html [12]Nettels,Curtis P.,The Emergence of National Economy 1775-1815,The Econo mic History of the United States,Volume Ⅱ,M.E.Sharpe,Inc.White Plains,NewYork,1962. [13]Merrick,Wayne H.,“The Military Tract of New York State,”manuscript,Sy racuse University Library,Merrick’s tabulation is made from the Balloting B ook and Other Documents Relating to Military Bounty Land in the State of NewYork,Cited from Gates,Paul W.,The Farmer’s Age,Agriculture 1815-1860,M.E.S harpe,Inc.,Armonk,New York,1960. [14]Mckitrick,Reuben,The Public Land System of Texas,1823-1910,Bulletin ofthe University of Wisconsin,No.905,Economic and Political Science Series Vol .9,No. 1,Madison,Wisconsin,1918. [15]Jensen,Merrill,ed.,The Documentary History of the Ratification of the C onstitution,Volume I,Constitutional Documents and Records,1776-1787,State Hi storical Society of Wisconsin,Madison,1976. [16]United States Statute at Large,缩微胶片,南开大学历史学院资料室藏。 [17]United States Statute at Large,in 17 Volumes,http://memory.loc.gov/amme m/amlaw/lwsllink.html [18]McCuster,John J.& Menard,Russell R.,The Economy of British America 1607 -1789,the University of North Carolina Press,Chaphill and London,1991. [19]Sarson,Steven,Landlessness and Tenancy in the Early National Prince Geo rge’s County,Maryland,William and Mary Quarterly, 3th Series,Vol.LVII,No.3,J uly 2000. [20]Adams,J.Q.,Memoirs,IX,p.247,p248,Cited from,Turner,Frederick Jackson,Th e Frontier in American History,Holt,Rinehart & Winston,New York,(1947)1962. [21]Merk,Frederick,History of the Westward Movement,Alfred A.Knope,New York ,1980.
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