四、余论 从以上简略的勾勒和分析中,我们发现,尽管1978年文官制度改革特别是SES在某些方 面有它的独特之处,但从总体上看,它与早些时候文官制度改革的设想与建议是一脉相 承的。1978年“文官制度改革法案”中所涉及到的高级行政职位、功绩工资制等,都曾 是艾森豪威尔总统的“高级文官职位”(SCS)和尼克松总统“联邦高级职位”(FES)改革 建议的核心点。更进一步说,也正是从艾森豪威尔以后,历届美国总统才逐渐认识到“文官特别是高级文官才是总统领导联邦政府行政工作的巨大障碍”[5](P101-102),并 把改革高级文官制度当作一项重要的工作来做。 正如有些美国学者所说的那样:“也许卡特总统在任期间最突出的革新,就是使国会 通过了‘文官制度改革法案’(CSRA-78),而在该法案中,最重要的内容便是建立‘高 级行政职位’(SES)的条款。”[2](P149-159)“高级行政职位”(SES)建立以后,美国 联邦政府人事管理体制发生了很大的变化。“高级行政职位”是把文官一般行政工资表 (General Schedule,简称GS)中的16-18等级的高级职业文官的工资从整个文官职务工 资体系中分离出来,变成“级别随人”的工资[6](P103)。从行政意义上来说,“高级 行政职位”(SES)的设立,是美国联邦政府力图改变文官制度中由于实行严格的职位分 类制度而造成对文官调动困难的一种举措;从政治意义上来说,“高级行政职位”(SES )的设立,也是美国总统与政治家企图把一部分高级文官重新变成政治性任命官员并进 而增强对他们的控制的一种手段。在这里,我们发现,美国“高级行政职位”的设立, 实际上涉及到两个非常敏感的关系,即总统与高级文官之间的关系以及在这一关系背后 发挥潜在影响的政治与行政的关系。 总之,1978年的“文官制度改革法案”(CSRA-78),特别是设立“高级行政职位”(SES ),无论是从行政或政治的角度,都加强了总统对文官的控制与监督。通过SES,总统使 大批职业官僚在很大程度上远比改革前更多地参与政治与政策制定,由于官僚直接被置 于总统的政治控制之下,因此,由1883年《彭德尔顿法》所确立的文官政治中立与功绩 制原则也显得软弱无力。结果是,“改革改变了政治与行政的划分,不仅增加了官僚渗 入政治的机会,更增强了总统控制官僚的能力”[2](P149-159),使美国“政治家与官 僚之间界限的模糊现象更加严重。”[27](P18-19) 收稿日期:2002-01-19 【参考文献】 [1]CCHANG,SUNG HO,Politics of Civil Service Reform:The First Attempt to Est ablish a Higher Civil Service in the Eisenhower Administration.Ph.D disserta ion,University of Delaware,1985. 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[23]JIMMY CARTER,Presidential Campaign Literature,January 26,1976.In JamesMcGrath:Federal Civil Service Reform.The Federal Personnel Management Projec t and Proposed Changing in the Federal Civil Service System:A Report.Congres sional Research Service Report,Library of Congress,March 30,1978. [24]U.S.Federal Personnel Management Projects,Appendices to the Final StaffReport(Washington,D.C.:Civil Service Commission,July 1977-February 1978),vo l.2,app.2,PP1-2. [25]U.S.Federal Personnel Management Projects,Appendices to the Final StaffReport,Establishing an Executive Service(Washington,D.C.:Civil Service Comm ission,July 1977-February 1978),vol.1 sec.8,PP182-200. [26]U.S.Congress,House,Committee on Post Office and Civil Service,Hearingson Civil Service Reform,95th Congress,2d Session,173,218,282-283,343. [27]JOEL D.ABERBACH,Robert D.Putman and Bert A.Rockman:Politicians and Bure aucrats in Western Countries.Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1981,PP18-19 .
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