注释：
    ① ⑦ Carole Marks:Farewell--We're Good and Gone:the Great BlackMigration.Indiana University Press,1989,p.1.
    ② Black Exodus,ed.by Alferdteen Harrison.University Press of Mississippi,1991,p.37.
    ③ U.S.Bureau of the Census;1970 Census of the Population,Washington,D.C.,1971,Table 55.
    ④ U.S.Bureau of the Census;Negro Population in the United states:1790--1915,Washington,D.C.,1918,Table 13.
    ⑤ Reynold Farley:"The Urbanization of Negroes in the United States",Journal of Social History 1（Sprng 1968）pp.245～255.
    ⑥ Leonard Reissman:"Social Development and American South",Journal of Social Issue,Jan.1969,p.101.
    ⑧ Ronald Takaki:A Different Mirror.Boston,1993,p.398.
    ⑨ Charles S.Johnson:Shadow of the Plantation,New York,1934,p.119.
    ⑩ Seymour Melmen:"An Industrial Revolution in the Cotton South",Economic History Review,1949,p.64.
    （11） Richard H.Day:"The Economics of Technological Change and the Demise of the Sharecropper",The American Economics Revicw 57:3（June 1967），p.439.
    （12） Harry C.Dillingham & David Sly:"The Mechanical Cotton Picker,Negro Migration and the Integration Movement",Human Organization,Winter 1966,p346,p347.
    （13）（15）（21） Southern Agriculture since the Civil War,ed.by George L.Robson,Jr.&Roy V.Scott,Goleta,Calif.1979,p4.19,21,248.
    （14）（16）（17）（18） George A.Davis & O.Fred Donaldson:Black inthe United States,Atlanta,1976,p.55,56,58,59.
    （19） 哈利·海伍德：《黑人的解放》，世界知识出版社1954年版，第25、139页。
    （20） 德怀特·L.杜蒙德：《现代美国：1896～1946》，商务印书馆1980年版，第48页。
    （22）James Geschwender:Racial Stratification in America,Dubuque,Iowa,1978,p.204.