〔13〕Lawrence H.Larsen,"The Rise of Urban South", TheUniversity Press of Kentuky,1985,p.84.
    〔14〕马特拉斯：《人口社会学导论》，第83页。
    〔15〕王旭：《美国西海岸大城市研究》，东北师范大学出版社，1994年，第4页。
    〔16〕U.S.Department of Commerce,"Historical Statisticsof the United States",pp.112,127.
    〔17〕田方和陈一筠：《外国人口迁移》，北京知识出版社，1986年，第153页。
    〔18〕Lawrence Larsen,"The rise of Urban South",pp. 144-145,83.
    〔19〕U.S.Department of Commerce:"Historical Statisticsof the United States",pp.105-106.
    〔20〕Ibid,pp.110-111.; 〔21〕Ibid,pp.958-959.
    〔22〕Thomas Kessner,"The Golden Door: The Immigrationand Mobility of Italians and Jews of New York City",New York,1977,p.63.
    〔23〕John Bodnar, "The Transplanted: A History ofImmigrants in Urban America",Indiana University Press,1987,pp.67-68.
    〔24〕John Highan,"Send These to Me",pp 26-28.
    〔25〕Herbert J.Gans, "The Urban Villagers:Group andClass in the life of Italian Americans" New York,1962,pp.6-15.
    〔26〕Nathan Glazer and Daniel Moynihan, "Beyond theMelting Pot:the Negroes,Puerto Ricans,Jews, Italians andIrish of New York City",M.I.T.Press,1989,p.194.
    〔27 〕Nathan Glazer and Doniel Moynihan,"Beyond theMelting Pot:The Negroes,Puerto Ricans,Jews, Italians andIrish of New York City"），MIT,1989, p. 194.John Higham, "Ethnic leadership in America",The Johns Hopkins Univ.Press,1978,pp.159-160.
    〔28〕Qscar Handlin,"Immigrants As A Factor in AmericanHistory",New Jersey,1959,p.88.
    〔29〕John Daniels,"Ammerica via the Neighborhood", New,Jersey,1971,pp.100-128.
    〔30〕Ibid,pp.100-128.
    〔31〕Oscar Handlin,"Immigrants",p.84.
    〔32〕John Daniels,"America Via the Neighborhood",p.100.
    〔33〕马克思：《道德化的批判与批判化的道路》《马克思恩格斯选集》，人民出版社，1976年，第1卷，第175页。
    〔34〕David Ward,"Poverty, Ethnicity and the AmericanCity:1840-1925",New York,1989,p.26.
    〔35〕Loretta Matulich, "A Cross- Disciplinary Study ofthe European Immigrants of 1870-1925", New York,1980,pp.18-19.
    〔36〕梁茂信：“外来移民对美国经济和就业市场的历史影响”载《世界历史》，1996年，第3期，第25～33页。
    〔37〕David Ward, "Poverty,Ethnicity and the AmericanCity",p.116.
    〔38〕Robert Parmet,"Labor and Immigrants in IndustrialAmerica",Florida,1987,p.65.
    〔39〕Eric H.Monkkonen, "America Becomes Urban: TheUrban Development of Cities and Towns:1780-1980", UniversityPress of California,1988,pp.96-97. Richard Hoffstetter,"American Immigration Policy",Duke University Press,1984,p.153.
    〔40〕Maxine Seller, "To Seek America, A History ofEthnic Life in the United States",New Jersey,1988,p.113.
    〔41〕S.W.Kong,"Chinese in American Life", Connecticut,1962,pp.45～46.
    〔42〕丁则民：《美国内战与镀金时代》，人民出版社，1990年，第292～296页。
    〔43〕托马斯·索威尔：《美国种族简史》沈宗美译，南京大学出版社，1992年，第36～39页。
    〔44〕Eric H.Monkkonen,"America Becomes Urban" pp.120～121.