注释：
    ① ④[美]Nash,Gary,Poverty and Poor Relief in Pre-revolutionary,Philadelphia,P.22.William and Mary Quarterly,33（1）：3-30,1976.
    ②[美]Nash Gary,Urban Wealth and Poverty in Pre-revolutionary America,1976,P.557.
    ③[美]Kalikoff,Allan,The Progress of Inequality in Revolutionary Boston,William and Mary Quartarly.No,82,July,1971.
    ⑤[美]Culbert,Sheila Anne,Study Beggars and the Worth Poor:Poverty in Massachusetts,1750-1820,Indiana University PhD,1985.
    ⑥[美]Soltow,Lee,Men and Wealth in the United States 1850-1870,P.38.
    ⑦ ⑧ ⑨[美]吉尔伯特·C.菲特，吉姆·E.里斯：《美国经济史》，辽宁人民出版社1980年，第316、317、318、328-229页。
    ⑩[美]Lemay,J.A.Leoed,American Reader,An Early,PP.14-24.
    [11] [美]Friedlander,Walre A,Robert Z.Apte,Introduetion to Social Welfare,Prentice-Hall Inc.,N.Y.,1974.P.60.
    [12][美]Guest,G,The Baording of the Dependent Poor in Colonia America,Sociasl Service Review 63（1）pp.92-112,Mar.1989.
    [13][美]Black,William Grant,Jr.The Military Origing of Federal Social Welfare Programs:Early British and Colonial American Precedents,University of Minnesota PhD,1989.
    [14] [27][美]Boorstin,Daniel J.,The Americans,The Colonial Experience 1987.PP.89-107,PP.247-248.
    [15][美]纳尔逊·曼弗雷德·布莱克：《美国社会生活与思想史》上册，商务印书馆1994年版，第379-380页。
    [16][美]Campbell,Bruce A,Social Federalism:The ConstitutionalPosition of Nonprofit Corporations in Nineteenth-Century America,law and History Review 1990 8（2）PP.149-188.
    [17] [49][美]J·布卢姆等：《美国的历程》，商务印书馆1988年版，上册，第414页，下册364页。
    [18] [21][美]Ibid.Introduction to Social Welfare PP.70-71,PP.64-65.
    [19]李道揆：《美国政府美国政治》，中国社会科学出版社1990年版，第751、753页。
    [20] [35][美]希尔斯曼·罗杰：《美国是如何治理的》，商务印书馆1986年版，第528、537、541页。
    [22][美]Commager,Henry Steel,ed.,Documents of American History,Vol.l,PP.451-452,Pretice-Hall,Inc.,New Jersey.
    [23][美]Colby,Ira C.:The Freedman's Bureau in Texas and Its Impact on the Emerging Social Welfare System and Black-White Social Relations,1865-1885,Pennsyivannin,D A,DSW,1984.并见Colby,Ira C.,The Preedmen's Bureau:From Social Welfare to Segregation,Phylon 1985 46（3）：PP.219-230.
    [24] [25][美]Altschuler,Glenn C.,Saltzgaher,Jan M.,The Limits of Responsibility:Social Welfare and Local Governments in Seneca County,New York 1860-1987,Journal of Social History 1988 22[i.e.,21]（3）。PP.515-537.
    [26]赵一凡：《美国的历史文献》，三联书店1989年版，第197、206页。
    [28][美]Holt,Roberta Baxter,The Associated Charites of Washington D.C.,1882-1935:A History of Acticity and Decision of the Board of Mannagers,The Catholic University,DSW,1986.
    [29][美]Joseph,Barbara Randall,The Discovery of Need,1880-1914:A Case Study of the Development of An Idea Social Welfare Thought,Columbia University,DSW,1986.
    [30][美]Withite,J·A.,Homelessness and Social Welfare in the United States:Prototypes of Reform,1873-1907,University of California at Berkeley,PhD.1989.
    [31] [37] [43][美]塞缪尔·莫里斯等：《美利坚共和国的成长》下册，天津人民出版社1991年版，第367、363、120页。
    [32][美]Bland,Charles Lewis,The Emergence of States Level Welfare Super-vision in New York:1867-1898,State University of New York at Buffalo,PhD1988.
    [33][美]Underwood,June O.,Civilizing Kansas:Women's Organizations,1880-1920,Kansas History 1984-1985 7（4）：PP.291-306.