(17)Alfred W.Crosby,Germs,Seeds and Animals:Studies in Ecological History,p.viii.
    (18)Alfred W.Crosby,The Columbian Exchange:Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492,p.xxv.
    (19)Alfred W.Crosby,The Columbian Exchange :Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492,p.37.
    (20)Alfred W.Crosby,Ecological Imperialism:The Biological Expansion of Europe,900-1900,p.196.
    (21)Alfred W.Crosby,Ecological Imperialism:The Biological Expansion of Europe,900-1900,p.285.
    (22)Alfred W.Crosby,America's Forgotten Pandemic:The Influenza of l918,Cambridge University Press,2003,p.207.
    (23)参见Alfred W.Crosby,America's Forgotten Pandemic:The Influenza of 1918,pp.175-195。
    (24)柯娇燕：《什么是全球史》，刘文明译，北京大学出版社2009年版，第62页。
    (25)Alfred W.Crosby ,Ecological Imperialism:The Biological Expansion of Europe,900-1900,pp.270,287,293.
    (26)Alfred W.Crosby,Germs,Seeds and Animals:Studies in Ecological History,p.xiv.
    (27)Alfred W.Crosby,Germs,Seeds and Animals:Studies in Ecological History,pp.x-xiii.
    (28)Alfred W.Crosby,The Measure of Reality:Quantification and Western Society,1250-1600,Cambridge University Press,1997,p.ix.