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①Griswold v.Connecticut,381 U.S.479(1965). ②Martha Minow,"We,the family:Constitutional Rights and American Families,"The Journal of American History,Vol.74,No.3(December,1987),p.959-983. ③国内学界对“格里斯沃尔德诉康涅狄格州案”的研究，多集中在美国最高法院判决内容的分析，宪法原则的回溯、梳理以及后续影响，较少从社会政治史角度具体分析“格里斯沃尔德案”的社会背景，司法斗争诉求，上诉的复杂过程，以及这一过程中社会组织、节育人士、律师、医生、法官的互动。例如：屠振宇：《从Griswold案看宪法隐私权的确立》，《法制现代化研究》2007年第11卷；任东来、胡晓进：《在宪政舞台上：美国最高法院的历史轨迹》，北京：中国法制出版社，2007年；张卓明：《法官能否推定未列举权利？——格里斯沃尔德诉康涅狄格州案述评》，《云南大学学报》(法学版)，2008年第2期；杨家华：《美国隐私权法律保护制度》，硕士论文，中国政法大学，2008年；夏泽祥：《美国宪法第九修正案研究》，济南：山东人民出版社，2012年；王希：《原则与妥协：美国宪法的精神与实践(增订版)》，北京：北京大学出版社，2014年；薛欢：《美国1965年格里斯沃尔德案与自然权利理念》，硕士论文，华东政法大学，2015年。1965年至今，美国学界的相关研究汗牛充栋，层出不穷，多以隐私保护、法律与宪法原则为主，也有少量判例史研究，例如:Robert G.Dixon,Jr.,"The Griswold Penumbra:Constitutional Charter for an Expanded Law of Privacy?" Michigan Law Review,Vol.64,No.2(December,1965),p.197-218; Adam Carlyle Breckenridge,The Right to Privacy,Lincoln,NE:University of Nebraska Press,1970; John William Simon,"The Right of Privacy Doctrine in America Constitutional Law," Ph.D.Dissertation,Harvard University,1978; Mary L.Dudziak,"Just Say No:Birth Control in the Connecticut Supreme Court Before Griswold v.Connecticut," Iowa law Review,Vol.75(May 1990),pp.915-939; Darien A.McWhirter and Jon D.Bible,Privacy as a Constitutional Right:Sex,Drugs and the Right to Life,New York:Quorum Books,1992; Ellen Alderman and Caroline Kennedy,The Right to Privacy,New York:Vintage Books,1997; David J.Garrow,Liberty and Sexuality:The Right to Privacy and the Making of Roe v.Wade,Berkeley,CA:University of California Press,1998; John W.Johnson,Griswold v.Connecticut:Birth Control and the Constitutional Right of Privacy,Lawrence,KS:University Press of Kansas,2005. ④1939年，“使用法令”归为1939年康涅狄格州成文法典第6246节“利用药物及器具避孕”；1958年，“使用法令”和“教唆法令”归为1958年康涅狄格州成文法典第53-32节“利用药物及器具避孕”和第54-196节“同谋罪”。Carol Flora Brooks,"The Early History of the Anti-Contraceptive Laws in Massachusetts and Connecticut,"American Quarterly,Vol.18,No.1(Spring,1966),p.9-13. ⑤Peter Smith,"The History and Future of the Legal Battle over Birth Control,"Cornell Law Quarterly,Vol.49,(1963-1964),p.279-282. ⑥康涅狄格州计划生育联盟的前身是康涅狄格州节育联盟(Connecticut Birth Control League)，创办于1923年。该组织致力于教授本州女性计划生育知识，为本州居民提供相关服务。因为保守法令，联盟活动属于违法行为，所以废除或修订法令也是主要目标。"State Planned Parenthood League Challenged Law for 42 Years,"Hartford Courant,Apr.29,1973,p.10E. ⑦这些诉讼有“康涅狄格州诉尼尔森案”(State of Connecticut v.Nelson)、“提尔斯顿诉乌尔曼案”(Tilston v.Ullman)、“巴克斯顿诉乌尔曼案”(Buxton v.Ullman)、“坡、多、罗、侯诉乌尔曼案”(Poe,Doe,Roe,Hoe v.Ullman)、“特鲁贝克诉乌尔曼案”(Trubek v.Ullman). ⑧"2 Bans on Birth Control Upheld by Connecticut High Court,5-0",New York Times,Dec.23,1959,pp.1,13; "Errors Court Upholds Laws on Birth Control",Hartford Courant,Dec.23,1959,p.5. ⑨"Conn.Clerics Attack Birth-Control Ban:Cite Freedom of Speech,Religion in Suit to Test Constitutionality,"New York Herald Tribune,May 5,1959,p.11; "Connecticut Faces 7th Birth-Data Suit,"New York Times,May 27,1959,p.23; "Birth Control in Connecticut,"New York Herald Tribune,Dec.24,1959,p.12; "Ask Top Court Ruling on Conn.Birth Control Law,"New York Herald Tribune,Sep.26,1960,p.18. ⑩Tileston v.Ullman,318 U.S.44(1943),p.46; Poe v.Ullman,367 U.S.497(1961),pp.501-502,509. (11)"The Birth-Control Decision,"New York Times,Jun.21,1961,p.36. (12)联盟曾于1939年开办过节育诊所，被本地政府关停，但是法院放弃相关起诉。 (13)"Supereme Court Started It for Connecticut,a Chain of Birth Control Clinic",New York Herald Tribune,Jun.21,1961,p.1. (14)Peter Smith,"The History and Future of the Legal Battle over Birth Control,"Cornell Law Quarterly,p.303. (15)"Birth Clinic Tests Connecticut Law,"New York Times,Nov.3,1961,p.37. (16)"Detectives Make Check on Birth Control Clinic,"Hartford Courant,Nov.4,1961,p.2. (17)"2 Arrested in Reopening of Birth Control,"Hartford Courant,Nov.11,1961,p.1. (18)"Catherine Roraback,87,Influential Lawyer,Dies,"New York Times,Oct.20,2007,p.A15. (19)"Birth Clinic Tests Connecticut Law,"New York Times,Nov.3,1961,p.37. (20)Julius Maretz,"Information with Warrant in No.CR 6-5653" and "Information with Warrant in No.CR 6-5654,"State v.Griswold and Buxton,Connecticut 6th Circuit Court,Nov.24,1961,p.1,7. (21)"Two Guilty in Birth Law Case,"Hartford Courant,Jan.3,1962,p.1; "New Haven Birth Control Clinic Shut,Court Test Next,"New York Herald Tribune,Nov.11,1961,p.1,7. (22)"Birth Control in Conn.:Police Look In,May Act,"New York Herald Tribune,Nov.4,1961,p.1,10. (23)Gereon Zimmerman,"Contraception and Commotion in Connecticut,"Look,Vol.26,No.3(January 30,1962),p.80-81. (24)"2 in Birth Control Case Deny Guilt,"New York Herald Tribune,Nov.25,1961,p.9. (25)Catherine Roraback,"Demurrer,"State v.Griswold and Buxton,Connecticut 6th Circuit Court,Nov.24,1961,p.2,8. (26)David J.Garrow,Liberty and Sexuality:The Right to Privacy and the Making of Roe v.Wade,p.210-211; "Trial Demurrer Denied in Birth Control Case,"Hartford Courant,Dec.23,1961,p.2. (27)J.Robert Lacey,"Memorandum on Demurrer to Information,"State v.Buxton and Griswold,Connecticut 6th Circuit Court,December.20,1961,p.3-6,9-12. (28)J.Robert Lacey,"Finding,"State v.Buxton and Griswold,Connecticut 6th Circuit Court,Jun.12,1962,p.16-30. (29)J.Robert Lacey,"Judgment,"State v.Buxton and Griswold,Connecticut 6th Circuit Court,Jan.2,1962,p.13. (30)J.Robert Lacey,"Memorandum on Demurrer to Information,"State v.Buxton and Griswold,p.4,11. (31)"Birth Control Law Faces a New Test."New York Herald Tribune,Jan.6,1962,p.8. (32)"Church Honors Birth Control Law Opponents,"Hartford Courant,Feb 1,1962,p.7; "Meriden Ministers Back Birth Control Law Fight,"Hartford Courant,Feb.16,1962,p.5. (33)"Two Guilty in Birth Law Case,"Hartford Courant,Jan.3,1962,p.2. (34)"Judgment,"State v.Buxton and Griswold,Circuit Court of Connecticut,Appellate Division,Jan.18,1963,p.51 (35)Catherine Roraback,"Assignment of Errors,"State v.Griswold and Buxton,Connecticut 6th Circuit Court,Sep.26,1962,p.34-36. (36)Kosicki,J.,"Opinion,"State v.Griswold and Buxton,Circuit Court of Connecticut,Appellate Division,Jan.7,1963,p.48-49. (37)"Two Lose Appeal on Birth Control,"New York Times,Jan.18,1963,p.2. (38)《纽约时报》认为当时世界的三大严重威胁是人口过剩、饥荒和原子弹。"Population,Hunger and A-Bomb Called Worst Threats to World,"New York Times,May 3,1963,p.32; "Dr.Rock Scores Birth Control Curb,"New York Times,Dec.9,1964,p.53. (39)"Connecticut,1879,"New York Times,May.17,1963,p.32. (40)"Committee Hears Birth Control Law Arguments,"Hartford Courant,Apr 12,1963,p.19; "Birth Control Repeal Dead for This Session,"Hartford Courant,Apr.24,1963,p.10. (41)"Birth Control Law Test Opens in Errors Court,"Hartford Courant,Nov.13,1963,p.10. (42)David J.Garrow,Liberty and Sexuality:The Right to Privacy and the Making of Roe v.Wade,p.222; Catherine Roraback,"Statement of This Case",State v.Griswold and Buxton,Circuit Court of Connecticut,Appellate Division,Jan.31,1963,p.55-56; (43)"Birth Control Law Test Opens in Errors Court,"Hartford Courant,Nov.13,1963,p.10. (44)State v.Griswold,200 A.2d 479(1964),p.479-480. (45)"Connecticut Wins on Birth Control,"New York Times,May.12,1964,p.39. (46)Fowler V.Harper,"Jurisdictional Statement,"Griswold and Buxton v.Connecticut,Supreme Court of the United States,October Term,1964,p.1-19. (47)Fowler V.Harper,"Jurisdictional Statement,"Griswold and Buxton v.Connecticut,p.14-16. (48)Mapp v.Ohio,367 U.S.643(1961). (49)雷德利在论文中详细分析了第九修正案的立法历史和司法意义，认为法律应当与时俱进，权利法案的原始文本不足以保护现代公民的自由。Norman Redlich,"Are There ‘Certain Rights...Retained by the People’" New York University Law Review.vol.37(1962),p.787-812. (50)Joseph B.Clark,"Motion to Dismiss Appeal,"Griswold and Buxton v.Connecticut,Supreme Court of the United States,October Term,1964,p.7-11. (51)John W.Johnson,Griswold v.Connecticut:Birth Control and the Constitutional Right of Privacy,p.102-103. (52)Thomas Emerson and Catherine Roraback,"Brief for Appellants,"Griswold and Buxton v.Connecticut,Supreme Court of the United States,October Term,1964,p.1-96. (53)Morris Ernst and Harriet Pilpel,"Brief and Appendices for Planned Parenthood Federation of America Inc.as Amicus Curiae,"Griswold and Buxton v.Connecticut,Supreme Court of the United States,October Term,1964,p.1-40. (54)Rhoda Karpatkin,Melvin Wulf and Jerome E.Caplan,"Brief for The American Civil Liberties Union and The Connecticut Civil Liberties Union as Amicus Curiae,"Griswold and Buxton v.Connecticut,Supreme Court of the United States,October Term,1964,p.14-17. (55)Robert Fleming,"Brief as Amicus Curiae for The Catholic Council on Civil Liberties,"Griswold and Buxton v.Connecticut,Supreme Court of the United States,October Tem.1964,p.7-8. (56)"New Cooperation Looms in Birth Control Dispute,"Hartford Courant,Apr.27,1963,p.15; "Cushing Lends Support to Birth Control Candor,"Hartford Courant,Mar.3,1965,p.6. (57)"Marital Status Becomes an Issue in High Court Birth-Control Case,"New York Times,Mar.31,1965,p.41. (58)Joseph B.Clark,"Brief for Appellee,"Griswold and Buxton v.Connecticut,Supreme Court of the United States,October Term,1964,p.1-28. (59)"Transcript of Oral Arguments Before the Supreme Court in Griswold v.Connecticut,"Griswold and Buxton v.Connecticut,Supreme Court of the United States,March 29 and 30,1965. (60)Del Dickson,ed.,The Supreme Court in Conference(1940-1985):The Private Discussions Behind Nearly 300 Supreme Court Decisions,New York:Oxford University Press,2001,p.800. (61)Del Dickson,ed.,The Supreme Court in Conference(1940-1985):The Private Discussions Behind Nearly 300 Supreme Court Decisions,p.801-802. (62)John W.Johnson,Griswold v.Connecticut:Birth Control and the Constitutional Rights of Privacy,p.158-161. (63)判例全文的翻译可参见吴至诚译:《美国法对隐私权的确认——格里斯沃德诉康涅狄格州案》，《苏州大学学报》(法学版)2016年01期。文章相关译文主要从历史语境角度翻译，略有不同。Griswold v.Connecticut,381 U.S.479(1965),p.482. (64)Griswold v.Connecticut,381 U.S.479(1965),p.483-484. (65)Griswold v.Connecticut,381 U.S.479(1965),p.486. (66)Griswold v.Connecticut,381 U.S.479(1965),p.488-494. (67)Griswold v.Connecticut,381 U.S.479(1965),p.493-494. (68)Griswold v.Connecticut,381 U.S.479(1965),p.499-501. (69)Griswold v.Connecticut,381 U.S.479(1965),p.502-507. (70)Griswold v.Connecticut,381 U.S.479(1965),p.507-527. (71)Griswold v.Connecticut,381 U.S.479(1965),p.527. (72)"Right of Martial Privacy,"New York Times,Jun.9,1965,p.46. (73)"State Planned Parenthood League Challenged Law for 42 Years,"Hartford Courant,Apr.29,1973,p.10E; "The Griswold-Buxton Decision,Case Liberated Women and PPLC,"Hartford Courant,Sep.14,1975,p.1E. (74)Eisenstadt v.Baird,405 U.S.438(1972); Roe v.Wade,410 U.S.113(1973); Lawrence v.Texas,539 U.S.558(2003). (75)Catherine Roraback,"Griswold v.Connecticut:A Brief Case History,"Ohio Northern University Law Review,Vol.16(1989),p.395. (76)1962年一项盖洛普民意调查显示，四分之三受访的美国人支持任何人都可以获得节育信息，详见"Gallup Exclusive:Open Birth Control Data Favored by 3 out of 4,"Hartford Courant,Oct.3,1962,p.11. (77)James T.Patterson,"The Rise of Rights and Rights Consciousness in American Politics,1930s-1970s,"in Byron Shafer and Anthony Badger eds.,Contesting Democracy:Substance and Structure in American Political History,1775-2000,Lawrence,Kansas:2001,p.201. （本文刊于《兰州学刊》2016年第8期） (责任编辑：admin) |