①将凯恩斯视为自由党人有些牵强。他本人的说法是:自己只是习惯于坐在自由党一侧的座位上。 ②1950、1951、1955、1959和1964年的五次大选中,自由党分别只获得9、6、6、6和9个席位,明显低于苏格兰民族党。参见Iain Dale,ed.,Liberal Party General Election Manifestos,1900-1997,London:Routledge,2000,pp.69,79,87,95,105. ③这种误判属于一种简单化的理解习惯,也存在于英国社会乃至学界。见Michael Freeman,Liberalism Divided:A Study in British Political Thought,1914-1939,London:Clarendon Press,1986,pp.2-4,6. ④1946年,保守党主席伍尔顿考虑到“保守”这一词根(Conserve)对诸多选民无吸引力,建议将之改名为“联盟党”。参阅《麦克米伦回忆录》第3卷,张理京等译,北京:商务印书馆,1980年,第286页。 ⑤早在1835年,迪斯雷里的《捍卫英国宪政》(Vindication of the English Constitution)一书就在捍卫英国政治传统时维护了保守主义。见Frank O'Gorman,British Conservatism,London:Longman,1986,pp.69-71. ⑥你·塞西尔:《保守主义》,杜汝楫译,北京:商务印书馆,1986年,第3、155页。 ⑦弗里德里希·冯·哈耶克:《自由秩序原理》下册,邓正来译,北京:三联书店,1997年,第188页。 ⑧大卫·雷斯曼:《保守资本主义》,吴敏译,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2003年,第6页。 ⑨参见顾肃:《自由主义基本理念》,北京:中央编译出版社,2003年,第304-307页。 ⑩Robert Rhode James,ed.,Winston S.Churchill:His Complete Speeches,1897-1963,Volume Ⅶ,1943-1949,New York and London:Chelsea House Publishers in Associate with R.R.Bowker Company,1974,pp.7388-7389. (11)L.S.Amery,Thoughts on the Constitution,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1947,p.21. (12)弗里德里希·冯·哈耶克:《自由秩序原理》下册,第194页。 (13)但有人反驳说,20世纪杰出思想家迈克尔·奥克肖特堪称例外,他能深入研究保守党的实践和理论,提出了一些较深刻的见解。 (14)Quintin Hogg,Case of Conservatism,Harmondsworth:Penguin,1947,p.11. (15)Anthony Quintin,The Politics of Imperfection,London:Faber & Faber,1978. (16)Sir I.Gilmour,Inside Right:A Study of Conservatism,London:Huchinson,1977,p.147. (17)R.Scruton,The Meaning of Conservatism,New York:Barnes & Noble Books,1980,p.99. (18)W.H.Greenleaf,The Ideological Heritage,Volume Ⅱ,London and New York:Methuen,1940,p.235. (19)See Anthony Seldon and Stuarts Ball,Conservative Century:The Conservative Party since 1900,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1994,p.331. (20)Ernest Benn,The Return to Laissez Faire,London,1920,pp.10-11,42-43. (21)Frank O'Gorman,British Conservatism:Conservative Thought from Burke to Thatcher,London and New York:Longman,1986,p.180. (22)E.H.Green,Ideologies of Conservatism:Conservative Political Ideas in the Twentieth Century,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2002,pp.135-136. (23)即不在党内占据重要职位的普通议员。 (24)Green,Ideologies of Conservatism,p.137. (25)Green,Ideologies of Conservatism,p.140. (26)Green,Ideologies of Conservatism,p.143. (27)Green,Ideologies of Conservatism,p.147. (28)Philip W.Buck,How Conservatives Think? London:Penguin Books,1973,p.127. (29)乔治·马尔科姆·汤姆森:《英国历届首相小传》,高坚等译,北京:新华出版社,1986年,第326页。 (30)Horald Macmillan,The Next Step,London,1932,pp.31-32. (31)Green,Ideologies of Conservatism,pp.163-164. (32)Horald Macmillan,Reconstruction,London,1932,pp.32,16-17. (33)H.Macmillan,The Middle Way:A Study of the Problem of Economic and Social Progress in a Free and Democratic Society,London,1938,pp.36-37,102-104. (34)Macmillan,The Middle Way,p.186. (35)Macmillan,The Middle Way,p.194. (36)参阅《麦克米伦回忆录》第3卷,第295页。 (37)Green,Ideologies of Conservatism,p.164. (38)弗里德里希·奥古斯都·冯·哈耶克:《通往奴役之路》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1997年,第30、101页。 (39)弗里德里希·奥古斯都·冯·哈耶克:《通往奴役之路》,第157页。 (40)弗里德里希·冯·哈耶克:《自由秩序原理》下册,第189、146页。 (41)弗里德里希·冯·哈耶克:《自由秩序原理》下册,第188页。 (42)1974年,有可能成为保守党新党魁的基斯·约瑟夫在一次演讲中,要求下层妇女控制生育力,引发舆论抗议。约瑟夫无奈退出党争,鼓励其追随者撒切尔夫人竞争保守党党魁。参见Leonard Tivey and Anthony Wright,eds.,Party Ideology in Britain,London:Routledge,1989,p.61. (43)R.F.Leaching,"Thatcherism,Liberalism and Tory Collectivism",Politics,Vol.3,No.1,2010,pp.9-14. (44)Tivey and Wright,eds.,Party Ideology in Britain,p.66. (45)1948-1977年间,位于约克郡马夏姆市的保守党“党校”斯文顿学院(Swinton College)担当了重要的党内教育任务,主要负责培训地方党员。参见Stuart Ball,"Local Conservative and Evolution of the Party Organization," Anthony Seldon and Stuart Ball,eds.,Conservative Century:The Conservative Party since 1900,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1994,p.278. (46)《麦克米伦回忆录》第3卷,第286页。 (47)《麦克米伦回忆录》第3卷,第286-287页。 (48)John Barnes and Richard Cockett,"The Making of Party Policy," Seldon and Ball,eds.,Conservative Century,p.354. (49)Iain Dale,ed.,Conservative Party General Election Manifestos,1900-1997,London:Routledge,2000,pp.7,17. (50)Dale,ed.,Conservative Party General Election Manifestos,1900-1997,pp.35,33; Lain Dale,ed.,Labour Party General Election Manifestos,1900-1997,London:Routledge,2000,pp.28-30. (51)James,ed.,Winston S.Churchill,pp.7171-7172. (52)工党为了胜选,特为竞选宣言加了标题:《让我们面对未来:一份为国家民族所设想的政策声明》。 (53)Dale,ed.,Conservative Party General Election Manifestos,1900-1997,pp.75-81,87. (54)Dale,ed.,Conservative Party General Election Manifestos,1900-1997,p.265. (55)John Ramsden,Making of Conservative Party Policy:The Conservative Research Department since 1929,London:Longman,1980,pp.145-146. (56)Harriet Jones,"A Bloodless Counter-Revolution:The Conservative Party and the Defence of Inequality,1945-51," Harriet Jones and Michael Kandiah,eds.,The Myth of Consensus:New View on British History,1945-1961,New York:Macmillan,1996,pp.8-11. (57)Dale,ed.,Liberal Party General Election Manifestos,1900-1997,pp.45,61. (58)Dale,ed.,Liberal Party General Election Manifestos,1900-1997,pp.102-103. (59)F.W.S.Craig,British Electoral Facts,1832-1987,London:Parliamentary Research Services,1989.其中1910年两次大选中,保守党均获最多选票,但一次少获3个席位,一次相同。1923年大选保守党获得38.1%的选票和258个议席,实为第一党,但未组阁执政。 (60)G.Alderman,Britain:A One Party State? London:Christopher Helm,1989. (61)Dennis Kavanagh,Thatcherism and British Politics:The End of Consensus? Oxford:Oxford University Press,1987,pp.221-222. (62)《麦克米伦回忆录》第3卷,第279页。 (63)是保守党内对撒切尔政府持温和态度的批评者,包括该党前首相们,如爱德华·希思等。参见Kavanagh,Thatcherism and British Politics,pp.5,15. (64)Jones,"A Bloodless Counter-Revolution:Conservative Party and the Defense of Inequality,1945-51," Jones and Kandiah,eds.,The Myth of Consensus,pp.5-6. (65)Andrew Boxer,The Conservative Government,1951-1964,London:Longman,1996,pp.3,8; Green,Ideologies of Conservatism,pp.155,222,247-248,250-251,253,266,274-276; Andrew Gamble,The Conservative Nation,London:Routledge & Kegan Paul,1974,p.79. (66)Robert Waller,"Conservative Electoral Support and Social Class," Seldon and Ball,eds.,Conservative Century,p.579. (67)Byron Criddle,"Members of Parliament," Seldon and Ball,eds.,Conservative Century,p.146. (68)Waller,"Conservative Electoral Support and Social Class," Seldon and Ball,eds.,Conservative Century,pp.580-585. (原文刊于《四川大学学报:哲学社会科学版》2017年第6期) (责任编辑:admin) |