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注释： ①Paul C.Violas,The Training of the Urban Working Class:A History of 20th Century American Education,Chicago:Rand McNally College Publishing Company,1978,p.2. ②Richard Hofstadter,The Age of Reform,New York:Vintage Books,1955,p.174; John Mack Faragher,et al.,Out of Many:A History of the American People,Vol.2,Upper Saddle River,New York:Printice Hall,2000,p.559. ③David Cannadine and David Reeder,Exploring the Urban Past:Essays in Urban History by H.J.Dyos,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1982,p.4. ④John Mack Faragher,et al.,Out of Many:A History of the American People,Vol.2,New York:Prince-Hall,2000,p.559. ⑤Paul Boyer,Urban Masses and Moral Order in America,1820-1920,Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1978,p.vii. ⑥Paul Boyer,Urban Masses and Moral Order in America,1820-1920,Cambridge，MA:Harvard University Press,1978,p.4. ⑦Sam Bays Warner,Jr.,The Urban Wilderness:A History of the American City,Berkeley:University of California Press,1995,pp.58-59. ⑧关于爱尔兰移民在美国的早期经历，参见拙作《1840-1850年天主教爱尔兰移民及其在美国的政治参与》，《世界历史》2007年第4期，第64-73页。 ⑨Nash,et al.,The American People,Creating a Nation and a Society,Vol.1,New York:HarperCollins College Publishers,1994,pp.337-338. ⑩Paul C.Violas,The Training of the Urban Working Class:A History of 20th Century American Education,Chicago:Rand McNally College Publishing Company,1978,p.2. (11)E.H.Chapin,Moral Aspects of City Life:A Series of Lectures by Rev.E.H.Chapin,New York:Kiggins & Kellogg,1854,pp.11-12,p.14. (12)Paul Boyer,Urban Masses and Moral Order in America,1820-1920,Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1978,p.74. (13)Eric H.Monkkonen,Police in Urban America,1860-1920,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2004,p.67. (14)Richard Hofstadter,The Age of Reform,New York:Vintage Books,1955,p.176. (15)Richard Hofstadter,The Age of Reform,New York:Vintage Books,1955,pp.176-177. (16)Richard Hofstadter,The Age of Reform,New York:Vintage Books,1955,pp.177-178. (17)John Mack Faragher,et al.,Out of Many:A History of the American People,Vol.2,New York:Prince-Hall,2000,p.569. (18)John Mack Faragher,et al.,Out of Many:A History of the American People,Vol.2,New York:Prince-Hall,2000,pp.560-561. (19)Nash,et al.,The American People:Creating a Nation and a Society,Vol.2,New York:HarperCollins College Publishers,1994,p.613. (20)John Higham,Strangers in the Land:Patterns of American Nativism,1860-1925,New York:Atheneum,1975,pp.39-40. (21)Oscar Handlin,The Uprooted:The Epic Story of the Great Migrations That Made American People,Boston:Little,Brown & Company,1973,p.117.汉德林书中描述了城市场域中新老移民带来的文化交替与交锋：同样信奉天主教的早期法国移民、内战前的爱尔兰移民和内战后的意大利移民，围绕教堂的建立和利用、神父的遴选和教区的分布展开的纷争几乎贯穿了整个19世纪。参见该书第117-128页。 (22)这个组织的成员以半秘密的形式活动，当被问及有哪些行动时，他们总是会统一口径：“我一无所知。”因此，他们通常被外人称作“一无所知者”(know-nothing)。 (23)John Higham,Strangers in the Land:Patterns of American Nativism,1860-1925,New York:Atheneum,1975,p.132. (24)John Higham,Strangers in the Land:Patterns of American Nativism,1860-1925,New York:Atheneum,1975,p.137. (25)Laurie Collier Hillstrom,Defining Moments:The Muckrakers and the Progressive Era,Detroit,MI:Omnigraphics,2010,p.41. (26)George M.Fredrickson,White Supremacy:A Comparative Study in American & South African History,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1981,p.145. (27)Brian N.Fry,.Nativism and Immigration:Regulating American Dream,New York:LFB Scholarly Publishing LLC,pp.28-29. (28)John Higham,Strangers in the Land:Patterns of American Nativism,1860-1925,New York:Atheneum,1975,p.134. (29)Robert C.Bannister,Social Darwinism:Science and Myth in Anglo-American Social Thought,Philadelphia:Temple University Press,1979,p.3. (30)埃里克·方纳：《美国自由的故事》，王希译，北京：商务印书馆2002年版，第206页。 (31)王旭：《美国城市史》，北京：中国社会科学出版社2000年版，第125-126页。 (32)王希：《原则与妥协：美国宪法的精神与实践》，北京：北京大学出版社2000年版，第329页。 (33)Eric Foner,A Short History of Reconstruction,New York:Harper & Row,Publishers,1990,p.183. (34)Plessy v.Ferguson,163 U.S.537(1896):Wikipedia:Plessy v.Ferguson:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plessy,2016-02-02；参见王希：《原则与妥协：美国宪法的精神与实践》，第331页。 (35)Plessy v.Ferguson,163 U.S.537(1896):Wikipedia:Plessy v.Ferguson:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plessy,2016-02-02；参见王希：《原则与妥协：美国宪法的精神与实践》，第332页。 (36)Brown v.Board of Education of Topeka,347 U.S.483(1954); Wikipedia:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plessy,2016-06-11. (37)参见李剑鸣：《大转折的时代——美国进步主义运动研究》，天津：天津教育出版社1992年版，第127-131页。 (38)Nash,et al.,The American People:Creating a Nation and a Society,Vol.2,New York:HarperCollins College Publishers,1994,pp.612-613. (39)Nash,et al.,The American People:Creating a Nation and a Society,Vol.2,New York:HarperCollins College Publishers,1994,p.613. (40)John Mack Faragher,et al.,Out of Many:A History of the American People,Vol.2,New York:Prince-Hall,2000,p.562. (41)John Higham,Strangers in the Land:Patterns of American Nativism,1860-1925,New York:Atheneum,1975,p.40. (42)Laurie Collier Hillstrom,Defining Moments:The Muckrakers and the Progressive Era,Detroit,MI:Omnigraphics,2010,p.38. (43)Lincoln Steffens,The Shame of the Cities,New York:McClure,Philips & Co.,1904,p.16. (44)林肯·斯蒂芬斯：《美国黑幕揭发报道经典作品集》，展江、万胜主译，海口：海南出版社2000年版，第8页。 (45)林肯·斯蒂芬斯：《美国黑幕揭发报道经典作品集》，展江、万胜主译，第8页。 (46)林肯·斯蒂芬斯：《美国黑幕揭发报道经典作品集》，展江、万胜主译，第9页。 (47)Lincoln Steffens,"The Shame of Minneapolis," McClure’s Magazine,Vol.ⅩⅩ,No.3,January 1903：参见林肯·斯蒂芬斯：《美国黑幕揭发报道经典作品集》，展江、万胜主译，第11-12页。 (48)N.H.Hancock,"Former Mayor Caught:Dr.Ames,of Minneapolis,Found at Clergyman's Home," New-York Daily Tribune,February 16,1903,p.2. (49)N.H.Hancock,"Former Mayor Caught:Dr.Ames,of Minneapolis,Found at Clergyman's Home," New-York Daily Tribune,February 16，1903,p.2. (50)Ceorge Kibbe Turner,"The City of Chicago:A Study of the Great Immoralities," McClure's Magazine,Vol.ⅩⅩⅧ,No.6,April 1907,p.575. (51)Ceorge Kibbe Turner,"The City of Chicago:A Study of the Great Immoralities," McClure's Magazine,Vol.ⅩⅩⅧ,No.6，April 1907,p.5 80. (责任编辑：admin) |