|
注释： ①《马克思恩格斯全集》，北京：人民出版社1973年，第46卷，第473页。 ②《马克思恩格斯全集》，北京：人民出版社1973年，第25卷，第891页。 ③H.Inalcik,The Ottoman Empire:the Classical Age 1300-1600,New York:Praeger Publisher,1973,pp.110,74. ④C.Imber,The Ottoman Empire 1300-1650,New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2002,p.195. ⑤H.Inalcik,The Ottoman Empire:the Classical Age 1300-1600,pp.110,74. ⑥C.Imber,The Ottoman Empire 1300-1650,p.206. ⑦S.J.Shaw & E.K.Shaw,History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press 1976,Vol.1,pp.150,126. ⑧布罗克尔曼：《伊斯兰各民族与国家史》，孙硕人等译，北京：商务印书馆，1985年，第345页。 ⑨S.J.Shaw & E.K.Shaw,History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey,Vol.1,p.126. ⑩G.Baer,A History of Landownership in Modern Egypt 1800-1950,London:Oxford University Press,1962,pp.8-9. (11)G.Baer,Studies in the Social History of Modern Egypt,Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1969,pp.66,70. (12)R.Owen,The Middle East in the World Economy 1800-1914,London:I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd,1993,pp.217-218. (13)P.J.Vatikiotis,The History of Modern Egypt:From Muhammad Ali to Mubarak,Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press,1991,p.251. (14)Z.Y.Hershlag,Introduction to the Modern Economic History of the Middle East,Leiden:E.J.Brill,1980,pp.126,226. (15)M.W.Daly,The Cambridge History of Egypt,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1998,Vol.2,pp.321-322. (16)S.Botman,Egypt from Independence to Revolution 1919-1952,New York:Syracuse University Press,1991,p.75. (17)M.Baraka,The Egyptian Upper Class between Revolutions 1919-1952,London:Garnet Publishing Limited,1998,p.31. (18)M.Abdel-Fadil,Development,Income Distribution and Social Change in Rural Egypt 1952-1970,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1975,p.4. (19)M.Abdel-Fadil,Development,Income Distribution and Social Change in Rural Egypt 1952-1970,p.5. (20)M.E Sluglett & P.Sluglett,Iraq Since 1958:from Revolution to Dictatorship,London:I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd,1990,pp.31-32. (21)P.Marr,The Modern History of Iraq,Boulder:Westview Press,1985,p.136. (22)H.Gerber,The Social Origins of the Modern Middle East,Boulder:Lynne Rienner Publishers,1987,p.95. (23)J.Beinin,Workers and Peasants in the Modern Middle East,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001,p.120. (24)M.F.Sluglett & P.Sluglett,Iraq Since 1958:from Revolution to Dictatorship,p.34. (25)R.Hinnebusch,Syria:Revolution from Above,London:Routledge Press,2001,p.120. (26)E.J.Hooglund,Land and Revolution in Iran 1960-1980,Austin:University of Texas Press,1982,p.40. (27)J.Foran,Fragile Resistance:Social Transformation in Iran from 1500 to the Revolution,Boulder:Westview Press,1993,p.228. (28)M.G.Majd,Resistance to the Shah:Landowners and Ulama in Iran,Florida:University Press of Florida,2000,p.33. (29)A.Najmabadi,Land Reform and Social Change in Iran,Salt Lake City:University of Utah Press,1987,p.45. (30)M.Karshenas,Oil,State and Industrialization in Iran,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1990,p.141. (31)G.Baer,A History of Landownership in Modern Egypt 1800-1950,pp.202,207. (32)A.J.Johnson,Reconstructing Rural Egypt,New York:Syracuse University Press,2004,p.62. (33)S.M.Gadalla,Land Reform in Relation to Social Development Egypt,Missouri:The Curators of the University of Missouri,1962,pp.38-40. (34)杨灏城、江淳：《纳赛尔和萨达特时代的埃及》，北京：商务印书馆，1997年，第116页。 (35)唐大盾等：《非洲社会主义：历史·理论·实践》，北京：世界知识出版社，1988年，第107页。 (36)K.P.Treydte and W.Ule,Agriculture in the Near East,Bonn Research Centre for International Agrarian Development,1973,p.43. (37)H.Gerber,The Social Origins of the Modern Middle East,p.95. (38)P.Marr,The Modern History of Iraq,p.132. (39)P.Mart,The Modern History of Iraq,p.170. (40)P.Marr,The Modern History of Iraq,p.170. (41)R.Owen,A History of Middle East Economies in the Twentieth Century,London:I.B.Tauris & co Ltd,1998,p.164. (42)P.Marr,The Modern History of Iraq,p.171. (43)R.Owen,A History of Middle East Economies in the Twentieth Century,p.165. (44)P.Marr,The Modern History of Iraq,p.240. (45)R.Owen,A History of Middle East Economies in the Twentieth Century,p.167. (46)M.E.Yapp,The Near East since the First World War,Essex:Longman House,1996,pp.257-258. (47)A.Najmabadi,Land Reform and Social Change in Iran,pp.92-93. (48)E.J.Hooglund,Land and Revolution in Iran 1960-1980,pp.53-54. (49)E.J.Hooglund,Land and Revolution in Iran 1960-1980,p.61. (50)M.Amjad,Iran:From Royal Dictatorship to Theocracy,New York:Greenwood Press,1989,p.82. (51)G.Lenczowski,Iran Under the Pahlavis,Stanford:Stanford University Press,1978,p.274. (52)A.Schirazi,Islamic Development Policy:The Agrarian Question in Iran,Boulder:Lynne Rienner Publishers,1993,p.17. (53)E.J.Hooglund,Land and Revolution in Iran 1960-1980,pp.86-87,84-85. (54)A.Schirazi,Islamic Development Policy:The Agrarian Question in Iran,p.20. (55)G.Lenczowski,Iran Under the Pahlavis,p.109. (56)I.C.Schick & E.A.Tonak,Turkey in Transition,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1987,p.39. (57)卡尔帕特：《当代中东的政治和社会思想》，陈和丰等译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，1992年，第514页。 (58)B.Toprak,Islam and Political Development in Turkey,Leiden:E.J.Brill,1981,p.70. (59)I.C.Schick & E.A.Tonak,Turkey in Transition,p.287. (60)E.J.Zurcher,Turkey:A Modern History,London:I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd,1993,p.219. (61)E.J.Zurcher,Turkey:A Modern History,p.219. (62)路易斯：《现代土耳其的兴起》，范中廉译，北京：商务印书馆，1982年，第500-501页。 (63)Y.Atasoy,Turkey,Islamists and Democracy,London:I.B.Tauris,2005,p.66. (64)C.Keyder,State and Class in Turkey,London:Verso Press,1987,p.126. (65)C.Keyder,State and Class in Turkey,p.126. (66)W.Hale,The Political and Economic Development of Modern Turkey,London:Croom Helm Ltd,1981,pp.185-186. (67)S.M.Gadalla,Land Reform in Relation to Social Development Egypt,pp.42,44. (68)杨灏城、江淳：《纳赛尔和萨达特时代的埃及》，第118页。 (69)A.Richards,Egypt's Agricultural Development 1800-1980,Boulder:Westview Press,1982,p.178. (70)R.H.Adams,Development and Social Change in Rural Egypt,New York:Syracuse University Press,1986,p.19. (71)M.Abdel-Fadil,Development,Income Distribution and Social Change in Rural Egypt 1952-1970,p.44. (72)R.W.Baker,Egypt's Uncertain Revolution Under Nasser and Sadat,Harvard:Harvard University Press,1978,p.204. (73)M.E.Yapp,The Near East since the First World War,p.236. (74)P.Marr,The Modern History of Iraq,p.278. (75)V.Perthes,The Political Economy of Syria under Asad,London:I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd,1995,p.81. (76)R.Hinnebusch,Syria:Revolution from Above,p.120. (77)V.Perthes,The Political Economy of Syria under Asad,p.81. (78)热拉德·德·维利埃：《巴列维传》，张许萍、潘庆龄译，北京：商务印书馆，1986年，第368页，第392页。 (79)M.J.Amid,Agriculture,Poverty and Reform in Iran,London:Routledge Press,1990,pp.102-103. (80)E Kazemi,Peasants and Politics in the Modern Middle East,Florida:Florida International University Press,1991,p.285. (81)J.Foran,Fragile Resistance:Social Transformation in Iran from 1500 to the Revolution,pp.320-321. (82)R.K.Ramazani,Iran's Revolution,Indiana:Indiana University Press,1990,p.30. (83)A.Schirazi,Islamic Development Policy:The Agrarian Question in Iran,p.253. (84)I.C.Schick & E.A.Tonak,Turkey in Transition,pp.283,276. (85)O.Aresvic,The Agricultural Development of Turkey,New York:Praeger Publishers,1975,p.37. (86)I.C.Schick & E.A.Tonak,Turkey in Transition,p.285. (87)S.M.Gadalla,Land Reform in Relation to Social Development Egypt,p.45. (88)K.P.Treydte and W.Ule,Agriculture in the Near East,p.42. (89)唐大盾等：《非洲社会主义：历史·理论·实践》，第109、110页。 (90)杨灏城、江淳：《纳赛尔和萨达特时代的埃及》，第126页。 (91)M.Abdel-Fadil,Development,Income Distribution and Social Change in Rural Egypt 1952-1970,p.85. (92)P.Marr,The Modern History of Iraq,p.241. (93)R.Owen,A History of Middle East Economies in the Twentieth Century,p.167. (94)P.Marr,The Modern History of Iraq,pp.241-242. (95)D.Hopwood,Syria 1945-1986,London:Unwin Hyman Press,1988,p.106. (96)A.Farazmand,The State,Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran,New York:Praeger Press,1989,p.119. (97)E.J.Hooglund,Land and Revolution in Iran 1960-1980,p.106. (98)A.Farazmand,The State,Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran,p.121. (99)R.W.Baker,Egypt's Uncertain Revolution Under Nasser and Sadat,p.197. (责任编辑：admin) |