|
注释： ①Robert Fishman,“The American Metropolis at Century's End:Past and Future Influences,” Housing Policy Debate,Vol.11,Issue 1(2000),p.201. ②孙群郎：《美国城市郊区化研究》，商务印书馆2005年版，第128页。 ③Robert D.Bullard,Glenn S.Johnson and Angel O.Torres,eds.,Highway Robbery:Transportation Racism & New Routes to Equity,Cambridge:South End Press,2004. ④Raymond A.Mohl,“Planned Destruction:The Interstates and Central City Housing,” in Raymond A.Mohl,Roger Biles,eds.,The Making of Urban America (Third Edition),Lanham:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,Inc.,2012,pp.287-302. ⑤David Karas,“Highway to Inequity:The Disparate Impact of the Interstate Highway System on Poor and Minority Communities in American Cities,” New Visions for Public Affairs,Vol.7(April 2015),pp.9-21. ⑥孙群郎：《美国城市郊区化研究》，第128-130页。 ⑦Federal Aid Road Act of 1916,39 Stat.355.US Government Publishing Office,1916-07-11.http://legisworks.org/sal/39/stats/STATUTE-39-Pg355a.pdf(2018-05-07). ⑧Ellis L.Armstrong,ed.,History of Public Works in the United States,1776-1976,Chicago:American Public Works Association,1976,pp.75,78. ⑨Owen D.Gutfreund,Twentieth-Century Sprawl:Highways and the Reshaping of the American Landscape,New York:Oxford University Press,2004,p.22. ⑩Federal Highway Act of 1921,42 Stat.212.US Government Publishing Office,1921-11-09.http://legisworks.org/sal/42/stats/STATUTE-42-Pg212.pdf(2018-05-07). (11)Tom Lewis,Divided Highways:Building the Interstate Highways,Transforming American Life,Ithaca:Cornell University Press,2013,pp.22-23. (12)公共道路局(BPR)成立于1915年，负责道路建设相关工作，其前身是成立于1893年的道路调查办公室(the Office of RoadInquiry)。1967年公共道路局的职能转移至成立于1966年的联邦高速公路管理署(Federal Highway Administration ) 。参见U.S.Department of Transportation,Federal Highway Administration,2012-09-17.https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/about/(2018-05-11). (13)Richard F.Weingroff,“President Franklin D.Roosevelt and Excess Condemnation,” U.S.Department of Transportation,Federal Highway Administration,2017-06-21.https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/excess.cfm(2018-03-07). (14)Federal Aid Highway Act of 1938,52 Stat.633,SEC.13.US Government Publishing Office,1938-06-08.http://legisworks.org/sal/52/stats/STATUTE-52-Pg633.pdf(2018-05-15). (15)U.S.Bureau of Public Roads,Toll Roads and Free Roads,  Congress,Washington:U.S.Government Printing Office,1939,pp.Ⅶ-4.Hathi Trust Digital Library.https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89090507302;view=1up;seq=1(2017-03-16).(16)Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944,58 Stat.838,Section 7.US Government Publishing Office,1944-12-20.http://legisworks.org/sal/58/stats/STATUTE-58-Pg838a.pdf(2017-07-27). (17)Christopher W.Wells,Car Country:An Environmental History,Seattle:University of Washington Press,2012,p.273. (18)Tom Lewis,Divided Highways:Building the Interstate Highways,Transforming American Life,pp.88-91. (19)Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956,70 Stat.374.US Government Publishing Office,1956-06-29.https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-70/pdf/STATUTE-70-Pg374.pdf(2017-07-20). (20)Ellis L.Armstrong,ed.,History of Public Works in the United States,1776-1976,p.94. (21)Raymond Mohl,“Stop the Road:Freeway Revolts in American Cities,” Journal of Urban History,Vol.30,No.5(July 2004),p.674. (22)Martin V.Melosi,“The Automobile Shapes the City,” Automobile in American Life and Society.http://www.autolife.umd.umich.edu/Environment /E_Casestudy /E_casestudy4.htm(2018-01-20). (23)Bernard J.Frieden and Lynne B.Sagalyn,Downtown,Inc.How America Rebuilds Cities,Cambridge:The MIT Press,1989,p.29. (24)Ibid.,p.28. (25)U.S.Bureau of Public Roads,Toll Roads and Free Roads,76th Congress,1st Session,House Document,No.272,1939,pp.94-95. (26)罗伯特·摩西(1888-1981)是美国著名的城市规划者，曾出任过长岛州立公园委员会和纽约州立公园委员会主席，对美国公共工程建设有巨大影响。关于摩西可参考李文硕：《罗伯特·摩西与纽约城市发展》，博士学位论文，厦门大学，2014年。 (27)Robert Moses,“Slums and City Planning,” The Atlantic,(January 1945 Issue).https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1945/01/slums-and-city-planning/306544/(2018-01-20). (28)关于“黑人城市化”可参考胡锦山：《美国黑人城市化与五六十年代黑人民权运动》，《厦门大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)，1998年第2期，第51-56页。 (29)Raymond A.Mohl,“Planned Destruction:The Interstates and Central City Housing,” in Raymond A.Mohl,Roger Biles,eds.,The Making of Urban America,p.293. (30)Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956,70 Stat.374,SEC.111(a). (31)Bernard J.Frieden and Lynne B.Sagalyn,Downtown,Inc.How America Rebuilds Cities,p.30. (32)Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1962,76 Stat.1145,Section 5.US Government Publishing Office,1962-10-13.https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-76/pdf/STATUTE-76-Pg1145.pdf(2017-08-07). (33)Bernard J.Frieden and Lynne B.Sagalyn,Downtown,Inc.How America Rebuilds Cities,p.31. (34)Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968,82 Stat.815,Section 30.US Government Publishing Office,1968-08-23.https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-82/pdf/STATUTE-82-Pg815.pdf(2017-08-07). (35)Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act of 1970,84 Stat.1894.US Government Publishing Office,1971-01-02.https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-84/pdf/STATUTE-84-Pg1894.pdf(2017-07-27). (36)Homer Bigart,“U.S.Road Plans Periled By Rising Urban Hostility,” New York Times,Nov.13,1967.文章并未具体指出是1966年的哪一场种族冲突。关于“20世纪60年代美国城市种族暴力冲突”可参考梁茂信、聂万举：《60年代以来美国城市种族暴力冲突的特征及其根源》，《哈尔滨工业大学学报》(社会科学版)，2000年第4期，第59-68页；Terry H.Anderson,The Movement and theSixties,New York:Oxford University Press,1995. (37)John E.Seley,The Politics of Public-Facility Planning,Lexington:D.C.Heath and Company,1983,p.58. (38)Hubert James Ford,“Interstate 40 through North Nashville:A Case Study in Highway Location Decision Making,” Master's Thesis,University of Tennessee,1970,Appendix B,pp.122-130. (39)Helen Leavitt,Superhighway-Superhoax,Garden City:Doubleday & Company,INC.,1970,pp.177-179. (40)城市更新(urban renewal)是联邦政府在二战后开启的城市改造项目(1949-1972)，旨在更新内城衰败区域、满足社会和经济发展，主要内容是清理贫民窟、商业开发、城市综合治理。城市更新对新兴产业发展起到了推动作用，但在执行过程中拆迁大于建设，对城市资源的再分配非常不利于社会经济地位低下的贫民，给他们造成了严重的伤害。具体可参考李艳玲：《美国城市更新运动与内城改造》，上海大学出版社2004年版。 (41)John E.Seley,The Politics of Public-Facility Planning,pp.57,59. (42)Helen Leavitt,Superhighway-Superhoax,p.177. (43)Raymond A.Mohl,“Citizen Activism and Freeway Revolts in Memphis and Nashville:The Road to Litigation,” Journal of Urban History,Vol.40,No.5(2014),p.880. (44)Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956,70 Stat.374,SEC.116(c). (45)A.Q.Mowbray,Road to Ruin (Second printing),Philadelphia and New York:J.B.Lippincott Company,1969,p.179. (46)Helen Leavitt,Superhighway-Superhoax,p.178. (47)A.Q.Mowbray,Road to Ruin,p.180. (48)Raymond A.Mohl,“Citizen Activism and Freeway Revolts in Memphis and Nashville:The Road to Litigation,” p.883. (49)A.Q.Mowbray,Road to Ruin,p.180. (50)Hubert James Ford,“Interstate 40 through North Nashville:A Case Study in Highway Location Decision Making,” pp.47-50. (51)Raymond A.Mohl,“Citizen Activism and Freeway Revolts in Memphis and Nashville:The Road to Litigation,” pp.883-884. (52)A.Q.Mowbray,Road to Ruin,p.181. (53)Helen Leavitt,Superhighway-Superhoax,p.179. (54)A.Q.Mowbray,Road to Ruin,p.182. (55)Hubert James Ford,“Interstate 40 through North Nashville:A Case Study in Highway Location Decision Making,” Master's Thesis,University of Tennessee,1970,pp.55-58. (56)John E.Seley,The Politics of Public-Facility Planning,pp.59-60. (57)Hubert James Ford,“Interstate 40 through North Nashville:A Case Study in Highway Location Decision Making,” p.38. (58)Michael Lewyn,Government Intervention and Suburban Sprawl,the Case for Market Urbanism,New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2017,pp.27-30. (59)Martin V.Melosi,“The Automobile Shapes The City,” Automobile in American Life and Society. (60)Raymond A.Mohl,“Planned Destruction:The Interstates and Central City Housing,” in Raymond A.Mohl,Roger Biles,eds.,The Making of Urban America,pp.287-302. (61)王旭：《大都市区的形成与发展：二十世纪中期以来世界城市化转型综论》，《历史研究》，2014年第6期，第130-146页。 (62)梁茂信：《当代美国大都市区中心城市的困境》，《历史研究》，2011年第6期，第121页。 (63)孙群郎：《美国城市郊区化研究》，第359页。 (64)Yale Rabin,“Highways as a Barrier to Equal Access,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,Vol.407(1973),pp.64,67-68. (65)National Commission on Urban Problem,Building the American City:Report of the National Commission on Urban Problems to the Congress and to the President of the United States,1969,p.48.Internet Archive.https://archive.org/details/buildingamerican00unit_0(2017-07-19). (66)California Governor's Commission on the Los Angeles Riots,Violence in the City-An End or a Beginning,Los Angeles,Governor's Commission on the Los Angeles Riots,1965,p.65. (67)Robert D.Bullard,“The Anatomy of Transportation Racism,” in Robert D.Bullard,Glenn S.Johnson,Angel O.Torres,eds.,Highway Robbery:Transportation Racism & New Routes to Equity,Cambridge:South End Press,2004,p.19. (68)Raymond A.Mohl,“Citizen Activism and Freeway Revolts in Memphis and Nashville:The Road to Litigation,” Journal of Urban History,Vol.40,No.5(2014),pp.886-887. (69)Eric Avila,The Folklore of the Freeway:Race and Revolt in the Modernist City,Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,2014,p.2. (70)Raymond A.Mohl,The Interstates and the Cities:Highways,Housing,and the Freeway Revolt,Poverty and Race Research Action Council,Research Report,2002,pp.32-33. (71)哈莱姆区(Harlem)是美国纽约曼哈顿的一个社区，是著名的美国黑人文化和商业中心。 (72)Raymond A.Mohl,“Race and Space in the Modern City:Interstate-95 and the Black Community in Miami,” in Arnold R.Hirsch,Raymond A.Mohl,eds.,Urban Policy in Twentieth-Century America,New Brunswick,New Jersey:Rutgers University Press,1993,pp.100-158; Raymond A.Mohl,The Interstates and the Cities:Highways,Housing,and the Freeway Revolt,pp.30,77-82. (73)Robert D.Bullard,“Addressing Urban Transportation Equity in the United States,” Fordham Urban Law Journal,Vol.31,No.5(2003),p.1188. (74)Nancy Jakowitsch and Michelle Ernst,“Just Transportation,” in Robert D.Bullard,Glenn S.Johnson,Angel O.Torres,eds.,Highway Robbery,p.167. (责任编辑：admin) |