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注释： ①Stuart Macintyre,Juan Maiguashca and Attila Pok,eds.,The Oxford History of Historical Writing,Volume 4:1800-1945,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2011,pp.78-79. ②参见Ian Hesketh,The Science of History in Victorian Britain:Making the Past Speak,London:Pickering & Chatto,2011,p.45; James Campbell,"Stubbs,Maitland,and Constitutional History," in Benedikt Stuchtey and Peter Wende,eds.,British and German Historiography:Traditions,Perspectives,and Transfers,1750-1950,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2000,p.99; F.M.Maitland,"William Stubbs,Bishop of Oxford," The English Historical Review,Vol.16,No.63(Jul.1901),p.417.著名中世纪史家萨瑟恩赞誉他无疑是牛津史家中最伟大的。参见R.J.Bartlett,ed.,History and Historians:Selected Papers of R.W.Southern,Oxford:Blackwell Publishing,2004,p.93. ③国内外学界对斯塔布斯学术贡献的评介以中世纪史家为主，如James Campbell,Stubbs and the English State,Reading:University of Reading,1989; R.J.Bartlett,ed.,History and Historians:Selected Papers of R.W.Southern,Oxford:Blackwell Publishing,2004; Cam Helen,"Stubbs Seventy Years After," The Cambridge Historical Journal,Vol.9,No.2(1948); Norman F.Cantor,ed.,William Stubbs on the English Constitution,New York:Thomas Y.Crowell Company,1966；孟广林：《西方史学界对中世纪英国“宪政王权”的考量》，《历史研究》，2008年第5期等；史学史和思想史著作则往往将斯塔布斯作为其中的一个主题环节处理，未能系统厘清其学术与英国现代史学发展的关系，如John Kenyon,The History Men:The Historical Profession in England since the Renaissance,London:Weidenfeld and Nicolson,1983; Reba Soffer,Discipline and Power:The University,History,and the Making of and English Elite,1870-1930,Stanford:Stanford University Press,1994; Michael Bentley,Modernizing England's Past:English Historiography in the Age of Modernism,1870-1970,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2005.等。 ④Philippa Levine,"History in the Archives:The Public Record Office and Its Staff,1838-1886," The English History Review,Vol.101,No.398(Jan.1986),p.26; John Kenyon,The History Men:The Historical Profession in England since the Renaissance,London:Weidenfeld and Nicolson,1983,p.96.1836年，英国档案特别委员会声称“公共档案提供了历史最纯粹和丰富的史料，给我们的制度成长及国家风俗习惯提供了最佳证据”，有鉴于“我们国家真正历史的匮乏……最强烈地向议会建议这一民族事业应立即得到恢复”。委员会的呼吁直接推动了1838年《公共档案法》的通过。参见Select Committee on Record Commission,Report from the Select Committee on Record Commission Together with the Minutes of Evidence,Appendix and Index,1836,pp.iii,xliii；但英国在文献出版领域依旧进展缓慢，直到1856年史蒂文森仍惊叹“鉴于德法已分别出版了13卷和21卷(文献)”，罗米利也痛陈“(英国)政府是现代文明民族政府中，唯一没有采取措施开发其早期历史财富，使其为世人所知的”。有关公共档案馆建立后历史文献整理与出版的制度演变及成就，参见陈磊：《英国公共档案馆馆制考(1838-1910)》，《档案学研究》，2017年第1期。 ⑤Philippa Levine,"History in the Archives:The Public Record Office and Its Staff,1838-1886," The English History Review,Vol.101,No.398(Jan.1986),p.22. ⑥馆长罗米利爵士(John Romilly)获得财政部授权后，放弃国家公文全文，转而出版公文提要以扩大文献覆盖面。1856年第1卷《内政公文提要》(Calendar of Domestic State Papers)出版，此后外交公文、殖民公文乃至西班牙等国外所藏公文相继面世。不久，闻名于世的“卷宗系列”全名为“大不列颠及爱尔兰中世纪编年纪”(Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland during the Middle Ages)，于1857年开始出版。 ⑦该时期档案出版的数量及分类状况，参阅Royal Commission on Records,Appendices to the First Report of the Royal Commission on Public Records Appointed to inquire into and Report on the State of the Public Records and Local Records of A Public Nature of England and Wales,Vol.Ⅰ(Part Ⅱ),1912,pp.75-91. ⑧早在1857年4月，斯塔布斯便向馆长哈代毛遂自荐，希望参与整理中世纪手稿。但由于他名声小，且无专业档案编辑经历，申请屡次失败。直到1862年斯塔布斯第四次申请，才最终成功。参见M.D.Knowles,"Presidential Address:Great Historical Enterprises IV.The Rolls Series," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society,Vol.11(1961). ⑨Helen Cam,"Stubbs Seventy Years After," The Cambridge Historical Journal,Vol.9,No.2(1948),p.131. ⑩C.H.Firth,Modern History in Oxford,1841-1918,Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1920,p.5. (11)F.M.Maitland,"William Stubbs,Bishop of Oxford," The English Historical Review,Vol.16,No.63(Jul.1901),p.420.诺尔斯也指出尽管该系列诸多卷本完全失败，但斯塔布斯的编辑质量超越所有其他人，其相关的评论文章也最具历史价值。参阅M.D.Knowles,"Presidential Address:Great Historical Enterprises IV.The Rolls Series," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society,Vol.11(1961),p.148. (12)Robert Brentano,"The Sound of Stubbs," Journal of British Studies,Vol.6,No.2(May 1967),p.2. (13)Arthur Hassall,ed.,Historical Introductions to the Rolls Series,by William Stubbs,London:Longmans,Green,and Co,1902,p.vi. (14)R.J.Bartlett,History and Historians:Selected Papers of R.W.Southern,p.83.斯塔布斯编纂的文献以手稿为主；莱特担任档案馆馆长后，档案文献的出版才正式启动，梅特兰成为其中的佼佼者。史密斯指出，正是卷宗系列的编纂使得斯塔布斯的惊人成就成为可能。参见R.J.Smith,The Gothic Bequest:Medieval Institutions in British Thought,1688-1863,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1987,p.202. (15)William Stubbs,"Inaugural," in William Stubbs,Seventeenth Lectures on the Study of Medieval and Modern History and Kindred Subjects,Oxford:The Clarendon Press,1887,p.14. (16)M.D.Knowles,"Presidential Address:Great Historical Enterprises IV.The Rolls Series," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society,Vol.11(1961),p.159. (17)T.W.Heyck,The Transformation of Intellectual Life in Victorian England,London & Canberra:Croom Helm,1982,p.144. (18)William H.Hutton,ed.,Letters of William Stubbs:Bishop of Oxford,1825-1901,p.42. (19)George B.Stow,"Inaugural,""Stubbs,Steel,and Richard II as Insane:The Origin and Evolution of an English Historiographical Myth," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society,Vol.143,No.4(Dec.1999),p.612. (20)弗里曼所谓的原始权威是指那些作为旁观者甚至参与者，记录了他自己时代之事件的作者；因此严格地说，修昔底德当属原始权威，而罗马史家李维的史著就不能算。但在实际的史学写作中，弗里曼却从不前往档案馆或图书馆利用一手文献，而满足于业已出版的二手史料。“我从未尝试去大英博物馆。我更不经常去博德林。加德纳和亨特似乎依靠它成长，但我觉得很可怕。我的史料必须在我自己的房子或其他地方”。参见W.R.W.Stephens,ed.,The Life and Letters of Edward A.Freeman,Vol.II,London:Macmillan and Co,1895,pp.471-472. (21)William Stubbs,"On the Purpose and Methods of Historical Study," in William Stubbs,Seventeenth Lectures on the Study of Medieval and Modern History and Kindred Subject,Oxford:The Clarendon Press,1887,p.92. (22)William Stubbs,"On the Purpose and Methods of Historical Study," p.87. (23)Donald R.Kelley,Fortunes of History:Historical Inquiry from Herder to Huizinga,New Haven & London:Yale University Press,2003,p.229. (24)William Stubbs,"Inaugural," Seventeenth Lectures on the Study of Medieval and Modern History and Kindred Subjects,pp.26-27,28; M.D.Knowles,"Some Trends in Scholarship,1868-1968,in the Field of Medieval History," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society,Vol.19(1969),p.143. (25)斯塔布斯的《英格兰宪政史》(The Constitutional History of England)共3卷，分别于1873年、1875年和1878年先后由牛津克拉伦顿出版社出版，并在生前各再版了4-5次。但由于他此后担任主教职务，事务繁忙，各版本均以小修补为主。此外，1870年出版的《特许状选集》(Select Charters of English Constitutional History)立即成为经典，其生前共再版9次。 (26)J.W.汤普森：《历史著作史》下卷，第430页。 (27)W.R.W.Stephens,ed.,The Life and Letters of Edward A.Freeman,Vol.II,p.88. (28)J.W.Burrow,A Liberal Descent:Victorian Historians and the English Past,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1981,pp.107,129. (29)R.J.Bartlett,History and Historians:Selected Papers of R.W.Southern,pp.94-95.本特利更指出斯塔布斯在英格兰宪政史学中占据独特与核心的地位，其影响接近一个世纪。参阅Michael Bentley,Modernizing England's Past:English Historiography in the Age of Modernism,1870-1970,pp.23-24. (30)C.H.Firth,Modern History in Oxford,1841-1918,Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1920,p.29. (31)按照弗思的总结，钦定教授职位之所以被设立是因为它富于教益和实际功用。戈德温·史密斯(Goldwin Smith)也认为该职位的原初目标就是公共服务(public service)。参见Goldwin Smith,An Inaugural Lecture,Oxford and London:J.H.and Jas.Parker,1858,p.2.在斯塔布斯之前，该职位担纲者均非历史学家，极少写作史学论著。如第3任教授斯彭斯(Joseph Spence)，此前为诗学教授；1801年就任的比克(Henry Beeke)是经济学家而非史家；1848年上任的沃恩(Henry Vaughan)为哲学专家；戈德温·史密斯也非专业史学工作者；直至1866年就职的斯塔布斯才算是真正的专业史家。 (32)William Stubbs,"A Last Statutory Public Lecture,"(May 8,1884),in William Stubbs,Seventeenth Lectures on the Study of Medieval and Modern History and Kindred Subjects,p.426. (33)牛津导师与教授的矛盾本质上是教学(博雅)与研究(专业)的冲突。1868年，导师们成立了独立于教授的跨学院组织，即历史导师联合会(History Tutors Association)，负责安排讲座，提供考试官并决定讲授的内容。尽管斯塔布斯和巴罗两位现代史教授也是其成员，但显然没有太多话语权。参见Noel Annan,the Dons:Mentors,Eccentrics and Geniuses,Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1999,p.77.[不过，他们曾帮助查尔斯·博阿斯(Charles Boase)和谢德维尔负责英国史教学工作。]斯塔布斯的学生奥曼更是声称，学院导师们不准学生参加教授的讲座，这也导致学生一般通过其著作认识他，很少与斯塔布斯有个人交往。参见Sir Charles Oman,Memories of Victorian Oxford and of Some Early Years,London:Methuen & Co,1941,p.106.据称，斯塔布斯的讲座一般只有12～15位学生参加；而导师的课堂能高达80～100人。总体而言，他和大部分历史教授一样与学院导师的关系较为微妙，尽管保持着礼貌。 (34)Goldwin Smith,The Re-Organization of the University of Oxford,Oxford:James Parker and Co,1868,p.28. (35)Peter R.Slee,Learning and a Liberal Education:The Study of Modern History in the University of Oxford,Cambridge and Manchester,1800-1914,Manchester:Manchester University press,1986,p.95. (36)当时的普通学位课程以英国中世纪史为主；优等学位课程则包含“从基督诞生到1789年的世界历史”等。参见[英]F.H.劳森著，黎敏译：《圣殿：1850年至1965年的牛津法律教育》，法律出版社2010年版，第22-23页。参考书目为布莱克斯通等人的经典著作而非原始材料。根据牛津大学年历，1859年现代史考试的参考书目仍以二手著作为主，如哈兰的《中世纪史》，吉本的《罗马帝国衰亡史》，基佐《法国文明史》及《萨克逊年鉴》等。参见Peter R.Slee,Learning and a Liberal Education:The Study of Modern History in the University of Oxford,Cambridge and Manchester,1800-1914,pp.40-41. (37)F.M.Maitland,"William Stubbs,Bishop of Oxford," The English Historical Review,Vol.16,No.63(July 1901),p.426. (38)斯塔布斯分别于1865-1866年、1873-1874年、1877-1878年和1882-1883年担任历史学院考试官，1871-1872年担任神学考试官。参见The University of Oxford,The Honours Register of the University of Oxford:A Record of University Honours and Distinctions,Oxford:The Clarendon Press,1883,pp.468,571. (39)William Stubbs,"Methods of Historical Study," p.110. (40)Reba N.Soffer,Discipline and Power:The University,History,and the Making of and English Elite,1870-1930,Stanford:Stanford University Press,1994,p.64. (41)Peter R.Slee,Learning and a Liberal Education:The Study of Modern History in the University of Oxford,Cambridge and Manchester,1800-1914,p.99. (42)Julia Stapleton,Englishness and the Study of Politics:The Social and Political Thought of Ernest Barker,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1994,p.34. (43)Sir Charles Oman,Memories of Victorian Oxford and of Some Early Years,London:Methuen & Co,1941,pp.104-105. (44)Sir Charles Oman,Memories of Victorian Oxford and of Some Early Years,p.105. (45)William Stubbs,"A Last Statutory Public Lecture," in William Stubbs,Seventeenth Lectures on the Study of Medieval and Modern History and Kindred Subjects,p.442. (46)M.G.Brock and M.C.Curthoys,eds.,The History of the University of Oxford:Volume VII:Nineteenth-Century Oxford,Part 2,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2000,p.362. (47)R.J.Bartlett,History and Historians:Selected Papers of R.W.Southern,p.88. (48)Ernst Breisach,Historiography:Ancient,Medieval & Modern,Second Edition,Chicago & London:The University of Chicago Press,1994,p.255. (49)Reba N.Soffer,Discipline and Power:The University,History,and the Making of and English Elite,1870-1930,p.86; M.D.Knowles,"Some Trends in Scholarship,1868-1968,in the Field of Medieval History," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society,Vol.19(1969),pp.143-144. (50)J.R.Tanner,"The Teaching of Constitutional History," in F.M.Maitland,ed.Essays on the Teaching of History,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1901,p.55. (51)R.J.Bartlett,History and Historians:Selected Papers of R.W.Southern,pp.124-125. (52)John Kenyon,The History Men:The Historical Profession in England since the Renaissance,p.199. (53)Michael Bentley,Modernizing England's Past:English Historiography in the Age of Modernism,1870-1970,p.19. (54)参见Helen M,Cam and A.S.Turberville,A Short Bibliography of English Constitutional History,London:G.Bell and Sons,1929; S.B.Chrimes and I.A.Roots,English Constitutional History:A Select Bibliography,London:Routledge and Kegan Paul,1958. (55)J.R.Tanner,"The Teaching of Constitutional History," in F.M.Maitland,ed.Essays on the Teaching of History,Cambridge:Cambridge University press,1901,p.54. (56)Reba Soffer,"Nation,Duty,Character and Confidence:History at Oxford,1850-1914," The Historical Journal,Vol.30,No.1(Mar.1987),pp.79-80. (57)Marjorie Chibnall,The Debate on the Norman Conquest,Manchester and New York:Manchester University Press,1999,p.61. (58)James Campbell,"Stubbs,Maitland,and Constitutional History," in Benedikt Stuchtey and Peter Wende,eds.,British and German Historiography:Traditions,Perspectives,and Transfers,1750-1950,p.118. (59)William H.Hutton,ed.,Letters of William Stubbs:Bishop of Oxford,1825-1901,pp.139-140.斯塔布斯所获荣誉还包括：1872年当选哥廷根法理协会成员；1876年成为皇家爱尔兰学会荣誉会员和麻省史学协会会员；1879年荣获剑桥荣誉法学博士学位；1879被授予牛津神学博士学位及民法荣誉博士；法兰西道德和政治科学学会通信会员；等等。 (60)至少在20世纪初及之前，牛津无论是在史学毕业生的规模上，还是专业研究人才的培养上都远超剑桥。而从历史学科体系的影响角度而言，说牛津历史学院乃英国专业史家之母并不为过。 (61)William H.Hutton,ed.,Letters of William Stubbs:Bishop of Oxford,1825-1901,p.148. (责任编辑：admin) |