[17]Roman Jakobson, “On Realism in Art”（1921）， in Language in Literature, ed. Krystyna Pomorska and Stephen Rudy, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1987, pp. 19-27.
    [18]Lisa Gitelman, Always Already New: Media, History, and the Date of Culture, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006. Friedirch A. Kittler, Gramophone, Film, Typewriter, transl. Geoffrey Winthrop-Young and Michael Wutz（1986）， Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.
    [19]Ann Rigney, The Rhetoric of Historical Representation: Three Narrative Histories of the French Revolution, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990, pp. 28-62.
    [21]Vivian Sobchack, The Persistence of History: Cinema, Television and the Modern Event, London: Rouledge, 1995. Natalie Zemon Davis, Slawes on Screen: Film and Historical Vision, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002.
    [22]Alan Munslow, Narrative and History, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
    [23]Ann Rigney, Imperfect Histories: The Elusive Past and the Legacy of Romantic Historicism, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001, pp. 59-98.
    [24]Hayden White, “Historiography and Historiophoty”, American Historical Review, vol. 93, no.5（1988）， pp.1193-1199.
    [25]Narrative across Media: The Language of Storytelling, ed. Marie-Laure Ryan, Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 2004.
    [26]Monika Fludernik, Towards a Natural Narratology, London: Routledge, 1996.
    [27]The New Media Reader, ed. Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003, pp. 147-189.
    [28]Game Handbook, ed. Joost Raessens and Jeffrey Goldstein, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005.
    [29]Marie-Laure Ryan, Narrative as Virtual Reality: Immersion and Interactivity in Literature and Electronic Media, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.Marie-Laure Ryan, Avatars of Story, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006.
    [30]Wolfgang Iser, Der Akt des Lesens: Theorie asthetischer Wirking, Munich: Wilhelm Fink, 1976.
    [31]Wulf Kansteiner, “Success, Truth, and Modernism in Holocaust Historiography: Reading Saul Friedlnder Thirty-Five Years after the Publication of Metahistory”, History and Theory, vo1.48, Theme Issue 47（May 2009）， pp. 25-53.
    [32]Marshall Mcluhan, Understanding Me: Lectures and Interviews, ed. Stephanie McLuhan and David Staines, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004, p. 271.
    [33]Ann Rigney, “All This Happened, More or Less: What a Novelist Made of the Bombing of Dresden”, History and Theory, vol. 48, Theme Issue 47（May 2009）， pp.5-24.
    [34]Roland Barthes, “La mort de l‘auteur”（1968）， in Lebruissement de la langue, Paris: Seuil, 1984, pp. 61-67.
    [35]Henry Jenkins, Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide, New York: New York University Press, 2006.
    [36]Gunther Kress, Literacy in New Media Age, New York: Routledge, 2003.
    [37]Bernard Cerquiglini, L’éloge de la variante: histoire critique de la philotogy, Paris: Seuil, 1989.
    [38]Erinnerungskultur 2.0: Kommemorative Kommunikation in digitalen Medien, ed. Erik Meyer, Frankfurt: Campus Verlag, 2009. Leshu Torchin, “Since We Forgot: Remembrance and Recognition of the Armenian Genocide in Virtual Archives”, in The Image and the Witness: Trauma, Memory and Visual Culture, ed. Frances Guerin and Roger Hallas, London: Wallflowers, 2007, pp. 82-97.
    [39]Karal Ann Marling and John Wetenhall, Iwo Jima: Monuments, Memories, and the American Hero, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991. Robert Hariman and John Louis Lucaites, No Caption Needed: Ironic Photographs, Public Culture, and Liberal Democracy, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007, pp. 93-136.
    [40]Chris Ridings and Mike Shishigin, “PageRank Uncovered（Formerly PageRank Explained）”, version 3.0, September 2002; http://voelspirt2.nl/PageRank.pdf（access May 4, 2010）。
    [41]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_lwo_Jima（accessed August 25, 2009）。
    [42]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia（accessed July 19, 2010）。
    [43]http://www.iwojima.com and http://www.iwojima.com/battle/index.htm（accessed August 25, 2009）。
    [44]http://tiny.cc/esypt（accessed August 25, 2009）。
    [45]http://tiny.cc/3ffjk（accessed August 25, 2009）。
    [46]http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=12（accessed August 25, 2009）。