⑦Evsey D. Domar, "The Causes of Slavery or Serfdom: A Hypothesis", The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 30, No.1, The Tasks of Economic History （Mar., 1970）， pp. 18-32; Arcadius Kahan, "Notes on Serfdom in Western and Eastern Europe", The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 33, No. 1, The Tasks of Economic History（Mar., 1973）， pp. 86-99.多马等人认为，当农奴制在俄国兴起的时候，俄国并没有向西欧出口粮食。因此，世界体系论者的解释显然无法让人信服。俄国农奴制的兴起从根本上说是劳动力短缺的结果。当莫斯科公国兴起的时候，要求一支日益强大的军事力量，这支强大的军事力量需要庞大的财力来供养。由于当时俄国地广人稀，随着租税的提高，农民逃亡日益严重，为了改变这种状况，沙皇和贵族们联合起来，实施农奴制，限制农民的流动，从而可以从农民身上榨取更多的剩余。德国东部和波兰地区的再版农奴制，也可以从这方面来解释。由于黑死病的人口灾祸，劳动力变得短缺，贵族难以从较为自由的租佃制中获取原来水平的剥削物，于是重新恢复以往的农奴制，限制农民的流动。因此，西欧对东欧农产品的需求，主要是加速了这种趋势，而不是其主要原因。
    ⑧John Hatcher, "English Serfdom and Villeinage: Towards a Reassessment", Past and Present, No. 90（Feb., 1981）， p.5.
    ⑨R. H. Hilton, "Freedom and Villeinage in England", Past and Present, No. 31（Jul., 1965）， pp. 3-19.
    ⑩M. M. Postan, The Medieval Economy and Society: An Economic History of Britain in the Middle Age, pp. 168-170.
    （11）E. A. Kosminsky, Studies in the Agrarian History of England in the Thirteenth Century, ed. R. H. Hilton, trans. RuthKisch, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1956, p. 98.
    （12）E. A. Kosminsky, "The Evolution of Feudal Rent in England from the XIth to the XVth Centuries", Past and Present,No. 7（Apr., 1955）， pp. 19-20.
    （13）John Hatcher, "English Serfdom and Villeinage: Towards a Reassessment", pp. 6-14.
    （14）E.A. Kosminsky, Studies in the Agrarian History of England in the Thirteenth Century, pp. 344-345.
    （15）马克垚：《英国封建社会研究》，北京大学出版社1993年版，第224页
    （16）E. A. Kosminsky, Studies in the Agrarian History of England in the Thirteenth Century, pp. 191-194.也可以参见马克垚：《西欧封建经济形态研究》，人民出版社1985年版，第156页
    （17）E. A. Kosminsky, Studies in the Agrarian History of England in the Thirteenth Century, pp. 313-315.
    （18）John Hatcher, "English Serfdom and Villeinage: Towards a Reassessment", p. 12.
    （19）M. S. Campbell, English Seigniorial Agriculture 1250-1450, Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 3.
    （20）M. S. Campbell, "Agricultural Progress in Medieval England: Some Evidence from Eastern Norfolk", The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 36, No. 1（Feb., 1983）， pp.38-39.
    （21）E. A. Kosminsky, Studies in the Agrarian History of England in the Thirteenth Century, pp. 308-309.
    （22）M. M. Postan, The Medieval Economy and Society, pp. 168-170.
    （23）S. H. Rigby, English Society in the Later Middle Ages: Class, Status, and Gender, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, 1995, pp. 139-141.
    （24）S. H. Rigby, English Society in the Later Middle Ages: Class, Status, and Gender, p. 142.
    （25）马克垚：《英国封建社会研究》，第219页。
    （26）Georges Duby, Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieval West, University of South Carolina Press, 1968, pp.90-91; Stefano Fenoaltea, "Authority, Efficiency, and Agricultural Organization in Medieval England and Beyond: A Hypwthesis", The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 35, No. 2（Jun., 1975）， p. 703.
    （27）马克垚：《英国封建社会研究》，第219页。
    （28）马克垚：《英国封建社会研究》，第219页。