注释: ①古代两河流域的人一般分为阿维鲁、穆什根努和奴隶3个阶层,其中,阿维鲁是全权自由民,穆什根努地位低于阿维鲁,高于奴隶,奴隶位于社会最底层。参见于殿利:《试论〈汉谟拉比法典〉中商人的社会等级地位》,《比较法研究》1994年第1期,第37~40页。除非特别注明,本文提到的人和妇女均指阿维鲁阶层的自由民。 ②bit mar bani是古代两河流域向失去亲属保护的女性提供帮助的社会救助机构,参见Martha T. Roth. Women in Transition and the bit mar bani. Revue d' assyriologie et d' arche ologieorientale, 1988( 1) , p131~138. ③米那是古代两河流域的重量单位,1米那约等于500克。 ④布尔是古代两河流域的面积单位,1布尔约等于6.5顷。 ⑤比尔图是古代两河流域的重量单位,1比尔图约等于30公斤。 ⑥奴孜是古代两河流域北部的城市,位于今伊拉克共和国基尔库克市附近。 ⑦古代两河流域的重量单位,1舍克尔约等于8.3克。 ⑧伊库是古代两河流域的面积单位,1伊库约等于3600平方米。 【参考文献】 [1]C. J. Gadd. Tablets from Kirkuk[J]. Revue d' assyriologie et d' archeologie orientale, 1926, ( 2) . [2]E. A. Speiser. New Kirkuk Documents Relating to Family Laws[M]. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1930. [3]E. C. Stone, D. I. Owen. Adoption in Old Babylonian Nippur and the Archives of Mannum-me su-lissur[M]. Winona, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1991. [4]霍文勇,吴宇虹。 古代亚述奴孜地区土地所有权和收养问题研究[J]. 历史教学,2005(11)。 [5]李海峰。 古巴比伦人的收养制度[J]. 世界民族,2006,(2)。 [6]Martha T. Roth. Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor[M]. Atlanta, Georgia: Scholas Press, 1997. [7]杨炽。 汉穆拉比法典[M]. 北京:高等教育出版社,1992. [8]Maria Dej Ellis. An Old Babylonian Adoption Contract from Harmal[J]. Journal of Cunei form Studies, 1975, ( 3) . [9]Martha T. Roth. Women in Transition and the bit mar bani. [J]. Revue d' assyriologie et d' archeologie orientale, 1988( 1) . [10]Martha T. Roth. The Neo-Babylonian Widow[J]. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 1991~1993( 1) . [11]Samuel Greengus. The Old Babylonian Marriage Contract[J]. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1969, ( 3) . [12]H. W. F. Saggs. The Greatness That Was Babylonia[M]. London: Sidwick & Jackson, 1984. [13]G. R. Driver, John C. Miles. The Babylonian Laws Vol. 1[M]. Oxford: The Clerendon Press, 1952. [14]Millar Burrows, E. A. Speiser. One Hundred New Selected Nuzi Texts[M]. New York: American Schools of Oriental Resaerch, 1936. [15]Rivkah Harris. Ancietn Sippar: A Demographic Study of an Old-Babylonian City[M]. Leiden: Publications de l' Institut historique et archéologique néerlandis de Stamboul, 1975. [16]Andrew George. The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Babylonian Epic Poem and other Texts in Akkadian and Sumerian[M]. Suffolk: Barnes and Noble, Inc. , 1999. [17]Jean Bottero. The Mythology of Death[A]. Jean Bottero. Mesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning and the Gods[C]. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1992. [18]Benjamin R. Foster. From Distant Days: Myths, Tales, and Poetry of Ancient Mesopotamia[M]. Bethesda, Maryland CDL Press, 1995. [19]Meir Malul. Adoption of Foundlings the Bible and Mesopotamian Documents: A Study of Some Legal Metaphors in Ezekiel: 16: 1-7[J]. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, 1996, ( 2) . [20]I. Mendlsohn. Gilds in Babylonia and Assyria[J]. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1960, ( 1) . [21]Jones M. Renger. Institutional, Communal, and Individual Ownership or Possession of Arable Land in Ancient Mesopotamia from the end of the Fourth to the end of the First Millennium BC[J]. Chicago-Kent Law Review, 1995, ( 2) . [22]于殿利。 古巴比伦社会存在债务奴隶制吗[J]. 北京师范大学学报(社会科学版),2004,(4)。
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