在一个宏大叙事的时代,历史的在场意味着历史能够永远征服记忆:也就是说大写的历史(History)吞噬了“各种小写的历史”(histories)。而在一个宏大叙事崩溃的时代,就不会如此。所以,我们很难知道怎样才能克服历史与记忆之间的紧张关系。我们能够确定的是,记忆的总和并不等于历史。我们同样能够确定的是,历史本身并不能产生一种集体意识,也不能产生一种认同,当历史被用于认同形成和认同提升的计划中时,麻烦就会来到。因此,历史与记忆之间依然存在着一条界限,我们可以时不时地穿越其间,但我们却不能也不应希望消除它。我们时代更让人烦恼的趋势或许是以可信的记忆去消除压抑的历史。但是,如果真理和正义(或它们留给我们的无论何种幻影)对人们还有所要求的话,它们至少还需要大写历史的幽灵。否则,留给我们的就只是此刻感到美好的东西,或用来去满足邪恶的东西。 注释: ①Eric W.Hobsbawm,“The Historian between the Quest for the Universal and the Quest for Identity”,Diogenes,Vol.42,Issue 168(December,1994),pp.51-64. ②Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick,“Against Epistemology”,in James Chandler,et al.eds.,Questions of Evidence:Proof,Practice,and Persuasion across the Disciplines,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1994,p.136. ③“Je me souviens”这句格言来自一首诗的第一句,后面两句是“生于百合底,长在玫瑰下”。百合与玫瑰分别象征着法国和英国。这句格言就是让加拿大魁北克的居民牢记他们的现在。--译者 ④Paul Ricoeur,Time and Narrative,Vol.1,trans.Kathleen McLaughlin and David Pellauer,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1984,p.ix. ⑤R.G.Collingwood,The Idea of History,ed.W.J.van der Dussen,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1994,p.266. ⑥R.G.Collingwood,The Idea of History,pp.262,268. ⑦Michel de Certeau,The Writing of History,trans.T.Conley,New York:Columbia University Press,1988,pp.xxv-xxvi,5,39,46-7,85,94,99-102,218-26,246-8,and passim. ⑧Hayden White,“The Politics of Historical Interpretation:Discipline and Desublimation”,in The Content of the Form:Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation,Baltimore,MD:Johns Hopkins University Press,1987,p.72. ⑨Hayden White,“The Question of Narrative in Contemporary Historical Theory”,in The Content of the Form:Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation,p.53. ⑩Friedrich Nietzsche,The Gay Science,with a Prelude in Rhymes and an Appendix of Songs,trans.Walter Kaufmann,New York:Random House,1974,p.181. (11)Ashis Nandy,“History's Forgotten Doubles”,History and Theory,Vol.34,No.2,Theme issue 34:World Historians and their Critics(May,1995),pp.44,47-48,53.
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